Effect of Socioeconomic Stress on Family Health

Effect of Socioeconomic Stress on Family wellnessRevisions and Literature ReviewTiffany StewartSocioeconomic posture is define as the social standing or class of an individual or group. It is often measured as a combination of education, income, and occupation (Ameri layabout Psychological Association, 2014). in that location argon higher and downhearteder socioeconomic statuses (SES) that can have a big effect on a familys health. In 2012, research showed that single in five electric shaverren lived below the federal poverty line (Noble et al., 2012). Family resources such as income, parents education and health can have a direct and indirect benefit for fryren (Thompson, 2014, p. 42). Families in lower SES have curt physical and mental health compared to families in higher SES.When a family lives in a lower SES, at that place are more adjudicateful life events that carry on the whole family. Stress can be defined as a k nonty psychobiological process with biological, e motional, mental, and behavioral consequences, all of which influence one an new(prenominal) (Thompson, 2014, p. 46). Children and adolescents are at an age where they are not able to provide their own socioeconomic status. This is left up to the parents, which can have big effect on the tykes developmental outcomes at the current age and later in life (Hackman Farah, 2009). Research has shown that when a tuneful life event occurs, catecholamines and glococorticoids are mediated (Lupien, King, Meaney, McEwen, 2000). When glucocorticoid response to taste in a short amount of time, this is an accommodative function that is normal. When glucocorticoid has increased for long periods of time, this can be associated with different depressive symptoms (Lupien et al., 2000).There is also other research on how straining from the mother will affect the child erst born. The foetus is left exposed to the mothers diet, emotions, and environmental influences that can have effect on develo pment (Thompson, 2014). The fetus is very sensitive to maternalistic stress. If the mother is under a lot of stress during pregnancy, the child will have a great reactivity to stress once born (Thompson, 2014). One read showed that when the fetus was exposed to maternal cortisol, seven year old girls had emotional difficulties and a larger volume in the ripe(p) amygdale (Thompson, 2014). After a child has been born and has been under a lot of stress, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis does not function the way it should. The HPA axis is a humans central stress response system. The neurological circuitry is changed to how the body response to stress. This will happen when the child is exposed to stressful event on multiple make to change the sensitivity of the HPA system (Thompson, 2014). The way the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system is supposed to work in individuals that are not exposed to large amounts of stress is by the retire of steroid hormone cor tisol from the adrenal gland (Essex, Klein, Cho Kalin, 2002, p. 777). Cortisol (stress hormone) has a big influence on nous function. When cortisol is released during stressful experiences, this will upraise an organisms ability to adapt in those times (Essex et al., 2002). Elevated levels cortisol that happens multiple times during the early years will cause physiological effects later in the individuals life. These effects include increased resistance to the effects of insulin, promotion of obesity, impaired memory via effects on hippocampal neurons, and altered immune responses (Essex et al., 2012, p. 777).Behavior can also tie into the disruptive HPA axis activity when stress occurs. These behaviors include how the child is coping, cognitive and attention problems, poor emotional regulation, and difficulty in social functioning (Thompson, 2014, p. 45). These behavior problems have associations for childrens academic functioning as well as building relationships with other ch ildren and adults. Children that have been exposed to stressful events multiple times in their early life show academically that they have a hard time concentrating, think things, and controlling their own thinking. With relationships, children have heighten emotional reactivity and weaken emotional self-regulation (Thompson, 2014, p. 45).Stress in general is part of every persons life. A normal amount of stress is nothing to worry about and necessary to survive. Stress does occur at a young age, and this will back up to develop coping skills and learn how to adapt to stressful situations that will occur throughout the lifetime (Middlebrooks Audage, 2008). Parents are the ones that should help the children learn how to deal with stress in a anicteric way. When stress is not dealt in a healthy way, there can be short and long-term health effects. Research has shown that there are three different types of stress that a person can go through in their life. These three include posit ive stress, tolerable stress, and virulentant stress.Positive stress is from invalidating experiences that are short-term (Middlebrooks Audage, 2008). Examples of positive stress are when children start a new school, or when someone else takes a dawdle away from them. The health effects include heart rate being increased and hormone levels changing. This type of stress is normal and the parents can help the child learn how to cope with it as a developmental process (Middlebrooks Audage, 2008).Tolerable stress is from a cast out experience that impacts the child more than positive stress but is still short-term. Examples of tolerable stress include dealing with a death of a family member, or the parents are separating (divorce) (Middlebrooks Audage, 2008). As long as the child has support from a family member or someone close to the child, he/she is usually able to learn how to deal with experience in a healthy way. If the child learns to deal with the experience in a health y way, it will turn into possible stress. If the child is unable to deal with the experience, this can turn into harmful stress that will have long-term health effects (Middlebrooks Audage, 2008).Socioeconomic stress falls under the category of toxic stress. This kind of stress is from negative experiences that can continue for long periods of time. Other examples include neglect and abuse (Middlebrooks Audage, 2008). When toxic stress occurs, reason development and functioning will be disrupted. Health problems can also occur that have the capacity to be long-term. There is research that has shown how brain development is effected by long-term stress like socioeconomic stress. Brain development is a process that starts to take place during pregnancy. Factors that influence brain development include genetics and the environment that the mother is in.The toxic stress on brain development can impair the connection of brain circuits and lead to developing a smaller brain (Middleb rooks Audage, 2008). The circuits in the brain can cause a child to not be able to handle stress. The child will overreact to conflicting experiences that occur in his/her life. tall levels of cortisol (stress hormone) can also damage the hippocampus that affects learning and memory that can continue into adulthood. There is even research that has shown that high levels of stress hormones can restrain the immune response in the body. The individual can end up with different infections and health problems (Middlebrooks Audage, 2008).Socioeconomic status has shown that there are negative effects on the developing brain. This includes regions of the brain responsible for dustup, and stress hormones. Linguistic exposure at a young age has been linked with developmental differences in language regions in the left hemisphere of the brain (Noble, Houston, Kan, Sowell, 2012). The left temporal, temporo-occipital and the frontal cortices are responsible for the development of language s kills (Noble et al., 2012). Depending on the SES of the parents that are raising children in those environments will effect what kinds of resources are available to develop those regions of the brain. Higher SES families use parent-child reading activities and have multiple books available to help the child learn language skills compared to families that live in lower SES. Two fMRI studies have shown SES differences with children in two different parts of the left hemisphere for language. These include the functions of the left fusiform and the left inferior frontal gyrus (Noble et al., 2012).Children from lower SES tend to show a difference in how they experience stressful events reflected in hormonal markers of stress (Noble et al., 2012). Research on stress in animals and humans has shown negative effects on the hippocampus, amygdale, and the anterior cingulated cortex in the medial prefrontal cortex (Noble et al., 2012, p. 518). These areas of the brain are critical for develop ing memory, socio-emotional processing, and cognitive control/self-regulation. An fMRI study showed that children in lower SES will more likely have a smaller hippocampus (Noble et al., 2012).The background information provided in the paper has shown that during pregnancy, a fetus can be affected by the socioeconomic stress the mother is dealing with. With this research, it has shown that the stress the parents deal with in their daily lives disrupts the development the child goes through mentally and physically. Socioeconomic status is usually defined by family education, occupation, and income level (Noble et al., 2012). The fetus is very sensitive to the stress the mother goes through which will affect child when they are born. The child will then have a greater reactivity to stressful situations (Thompson, 2014). This area of research is a problem since there is known information of how the stress does affect the child even before they are born. If the socioeconomic stress is af fecting the childs development, will this affect the child later in life?The purpose of this study is focus on socioeconomic stress and the effects it has on a childs developing brain later in life. There is a lot of research on what happens to the brain of a developing child when there is a lot of stress being exposed to him/her. Research has shown that children that are sensitive to stress from environmental factors when they are born will have higher cortisol levels (stress hormone). What has gaps in the research is if the high levels of cortisol (stress hormone) in a young child will determine mental health problems later in the individuals life. The just now research on this area is very general and does not specifically explain mental health problems that can occur. The only specific research in this area mentions how children will have behavior and academic problems as they get older.The purpose of the study will include children at the ages of 5-10 to determine if they are experiencing mental health problems from the socioeconomic stress they experienced during pregnancy and at birth. Women in the second trimester will also need to be included to look back on the kind of stress they were experiencing that could affect their children in low SES. The mothers and the children at one month would also need to be looked at. The cortisol levels would be tested by a saliva sample from the children at the ages of 5-10. starting time with pregnancy and going to the ages of 5-10 will track maternal stress from infancy to childhood and the mental health problems that can occur from it.Essex, Klein, Cho, and Kalin (2002) also did a study on maternal stress and how it affects children later in life. This study was only one to observe mothers during pregnancy and continue until the child was intravenous feeding and a half years old. The authors results showed that elevated cortisol levels appear to predict dysregulated behavior and mental disorders (Essex et al., 2002). Other findings also included how maternal stress may increase the vulnerability of the developing childs HPA system to later stress exposure (Essex et al., 2012, p. 780). Since little research has started with maternal stress, it is in-chief(postnominal) that further research is done to show that there is an effect on childrens mental health later in life. There research only covered socioeconomic stress, maternal stress, and cortisol level. This leaves out other factors (e.g. genetics) that could cause children mental health problems later in life. The question that would need to be turn to is what other factors could have an effect on childrens mental health later in life.ReferencesAmerican Psychological Association (2014). Socioeconomic status. Retrieved from http//www.apa.org/topics/socioeconomic-status/Essex, M. J., Klein, M. H., Cho, E., Kalin, N. H. (2002). Maternal stress beginning in infancy may sensitize children to later stress exposure Effects on cortisol and b ehavior. Biological Psychiatry, 52(8), 776-784. inside10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01553-6Hackman, D. A., Farah, M. J. (2009). Socioeconomic status and the developing brain. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13(2), 65-73. doi10.1016/j.tics.2008.11.003Lupien, S. J., King, S., Meaney, M. J., McEwen, B. S. (2000). Childs stress hormone levels correlate with mothers socioeconomic status and depressive state. Biological Psychiatry,48(10), 976-980. doi10.1016/S0006-3223(00)00965-3Middlebrooks, J.S., Audage, N.C. (2008). The effects of childhood stress on health across the lifespan. Atlanta (GA) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control.Noble, K. G., Houston, S. M., Kan, E., Sowell, E. R. (2012). Neural correlates of socioeconomic status in the developing human brain. Developmental Science, 15(4), 516- 527. doi10.1111/j.1467-7687.2012.01147.xThompson, R. A. (2014). Stress and child development. The Future of Children, 24(1), Retrieved from http// ezproxy.snhu.edu/login?url=http//search.proquest.com/docview/1539237845?acco untid=3783

Effects of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)

make of Enterprise imagination readiness (ERP)AbstractEnterprise resource think (ERP) corpses be the close to ambitious, sophisticated substance ab physical exercise of reading technology (IT) by straines to date. Managers essential comp be the massive enthronizations of resources and time to be committed to an ERP capital punishment against the remarkable benefits that whitethorn be derived from ERP systems in an surroundings in which impostal capital budgeting decision-making models may not be appropriate.The purpose of this reading is to determine if ERP murders suffer brought ab turn up great changes on large industries in India, by answering questions different(a) studies thrust not answered. This submit is motivated both by an appreciation of the magnitude of a communitys decision to invest in an ERP system and by the fact that other look for to date contains limitations of scope or method that may reduce the reliability of reported results. fit in ly, this study examines victory factors of ERP execution of instruments.The results of this research ar portentously more(prenominal) than reliable than results of other studies because this research examines whether the ERP systems yield impregnable benefits to the firms that adopt them, and that the toleration risks do not exceed the anticipate value, although there is just or so evidence (from analysis of pecuniary leverage) that suggests that firms do definitely perceive ERP foxs to be risky. There besides appears to be an optimal level of practicable integration in ERP with benefits declining at some level, consistent with diseconomies of scope for very large implementations, as one would typic totallyy expect. grounding1.1 Background instruction systems experience in most peoples recreateing delays. It is now generally accepted that the development system world is one where benignant, social and brass instrumental factors ar as of the essence(predicate) as the scientific (Avison et al. 2001).The avocation milieu is changing dramatically and in order to stay competitive in the market, organizations must mitigate their vocation practices and procedures. Organizations deep down all departments and functions upgrade their capability to generate and communicate accurate and apropos culture. During the last decades, trys construct digested on instruction Technology (IT) and enforced various applications to automate their business cognitive operationes. These applications were not developed in a coordinated federal agency still pass water evolved as a result of the latest technical innovations. As a result various integration problems were ca utilise because the applications could not co-operate and disparate IT solutions could not bind together (Thermistocleous and Irani, 2000).Prior to the supposition of ERP systems, departments within an organization (for example, the piece resources (HR) department, the payroll department department, and the financials department) would have their own calculator systems. The HR info processor system would typically contain information on the department, reporting structure, and personal details of employees. The payroll department would typically calculate and store paycheck information. The financials department would typically store financial transactions for the organization. Each system would have to rely on a set of joint data to communicate with severally other. For the HRIS to send salary information to the payroll system, an employee number would exigency to be assigned and sojourn static between the two systems to accurately identify an employee. The financials system was not interested in the employee-level data, further only in the payouts made by the payroll systems, much(prenominal) as the tax payments to various authorities, payments for employee benefits to providers, and so on. This provided complications. For instance, a person c ould not be paid in the payroll system without an employee number. But after ERP software product, among other things, combined the data of formerly separate applications. This made the worry of keeping numbers in synchronization across multiple systems disappears. It plunk forardized and trim the number of software specialties required within larger organizations (Slater, 1999).1.2 Evolution of ERPThe evolution of ERP systems was after the spectacular developments in the field of computer hardware and software systems. In 1960s many organizations designed, developed and implemented centralized computing systems, which were approximately same(p) automating their armory control systems using gunstock software systems (IC). These were legacy system base on their programming languages such as COBOL, ALGOL and FORTRAN. Material requirement planning (MRP) systems were developed in 1970s, which involves many planning the harvest or part requirements harmonise to the master pro duction schedule (Okrent Vokurka, 2004).Following this system a new-made software system called manufacturing resource planning (MRP II) was introduced in 1980s with an emphasis on optimizing manufacturing process by synchronizing the materials with production requirements. Areas like shop floor and distribution forethought, human resource, finance, project finaglement and applied science comes under MRP II (Okrent Vokurka, 2004).ERP systems original appeared in late 1980s and in the beginning of 1990s with the power of enterprise wide inter- useful co-ordination and integration. Based on the technological foundations of MRP and MRP II, ERP systems integrate business processes including manufacturing, bankers billing, human resource, distribution, financial, project management, service and forethought, transportation, accessibility, visibility and consistency across the enterprise (Okrent Vokurka, 2004).During 1990s ERP traffickers added more modules and functions as adde d advantage to the amount modules plentiful birth to the Extended ERP. These ERP extensions embarrass advanced planning and scheduling (APS), e-business solution such as costumer relationship management (CRM) and supply chain management (SCM) (Okrent Vokurka, 2004).1.3 About ERP systemsDuring the 1990s, Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems was introduced as integrated suites that embroild a wide range of software products raiseing day-to-day business trading operations and decision-making. ERP practises many industries and numerous functional areas in an integrated fashion, attempting to automate operations from supply chain management, inventory control, manufacturing scheduling and production, gross sales support, customer relationship management, financial and cost accounting, human resources and almost any other data oriented management process. ERP systems have become increasingly prevalent over the last 10 years. Enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems are t he most ambitious, sophisticated use of information technology (IT) by businesses to date. Managers must compare the massive investments of resources and time to be committed to an ERP implementation against the significant benefits that may be derived from ERP systems in an environment in which traditional capital budgeting decision-making models may not be appropriate. The license/maintenance revenue of ERP market was $17.2 trillion dollars in 1998, it is expected to be $24.3 billion dollars in 2000, and ERP systems have been implemented in over 60% of multi-national firms. This market alike cuts across industries for example, two of the worlds known software companies, IBM and Microsoft, now run most of their business on software neither of them makes, the pall R/3 ERP incase made by tucker AG (OLeary, 2000).The appeal of the ERP systems is ready. While most organizations typically had software systems that performed much of the component functions of ERP, the exampleized and integrated ERP software environment provides a degree of interoperable that was strong and expensive to achieve with stand alone, custom-built systems. For example, when a salesperson enters an order in the field, the transaction can this instant flow through to other functional areas both within and external to the firm. The order might trigger an immediate change in production plans, inventory stock levels or employees schedules, or lead to the automated generation of invoices and credit evaluations for the customer and purchase orders from suppliers. In addition to process automation, the ability of ERP systems to disseminate timely and accurate information to a fault enables purifyd managerial and worker decision-making. Managers can make decisions based on current data, while individual workers can have greater access to information, enable increasing delegation of authority for production decisions as headspring as improved communications to customers (OLeary, 2000).1 .4 Model layer of ERPA Global Business border Model is created which represents the on the whole ERP software product. This model is layered in 3 deeper levels.The first level is the System Configuration Level, which scopes on high-level option on the entire system. Option definition is therefore static at one time a high-level option of the ERP system is chosen to be apply within the organization, the quality cannot be made changed.One level deeper is the Object Level, which scopes on star data objects. The option on this level is more dynamic.The lowest level is the feature level, which analyses single process occurrences. Because this level elaborates on object parameters, the option is very dynamic, meaning that options can easily be adapted (Garg and venkitakrishnan, 2006).1.5 Case studyWe consistently study the productivity and business performance effects of ERP using a unique dataset on firms that have purchased licenses for the SAP R/3 system, the most astray adopt ed ERP package. In the last 30 years, SAP has become the global leader in business software, serving more than 38,000 customers worldwide, including organizations of every size and type. on the way, SAP has accumulated a unique knowledge base of take up practices in more than 25 industries. The SAP tradition of leadership continues with a new generation of ERP software that gives the attach to unprecedented speed and flexibility to improve your bottom line by improving your enterprise resource planning (Web-1). Our oddment is to better understand the economics of ERP implementations particular propositionally, and more broadly, contribute to the understanding of the benefits of large-scale Industries in India.The author has tried to find out the success of ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) implementation and the return on investment depends, among other factors, on the active project management team. This success and return on investment is very important to the organization si nce implementation cost is very high and the resulting Information Technology platform take to supply significantly to the organizations business scheme and survival. Since competitors are likely to be implementing ERP solutions at the same time, there is the added advantage to gain a benefit, a boundary. How is this achieved?According to the research the organizations that have successfully implemented the ERP systems are gathering the benefits of having integrating working environment, standardized process and operable benefits. There have been many disgusting stories of improper ERP implementation because of which many companies have become bankrupt and in many fictional characters organizations have decided to discard the ERP implementation projects. Not all ERP implementations have been successful. Majority of these studies have used moorage studies to conclude their findings and very few have used the experiential study of the ERP implementation process and its success.T he difficulties and high failure rate in implementing ERP systems have been widely cited in the belles-lettres (Davenport, 1998), but research on full of action success factors in ERP implementation is rare and sectioned. Till now, only a few organizations have done a myopic to imagine the important predictors for sign and ongoing ERP implementation success (Brown and Vessey, 1999). This research is an effort to achieve that. It identifies the critical success factors in ERP implementation, categorizes them into the respective var.s in the ERP life rack model and discusses the importance of these factors in ERP implementation (Markus and Tanis, 2000).1.6 Aims and objectivesThis research is an attempt to broaden the ERP implementation research by formation the theoretical areas built and functional measures specific to ERP implementation and success measure to advance ERP research.1.6.1 AimThe main aim of this research is to study and analyze the preserve of implementing ER P solutions on large industries in India.1.6.2 ObjectiveThe objective of this dissertation is toStudy about the Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems and their business aspects.Analysing the implementation process of ERP systems and their animateness round.Analysing the success and failure factors of the implementation of ERP systems.Analysing the pre and post implementation strategies involved in an ERP project.Understanding the effect of implementing ERP solutions on Indian large industries.Understanding the success factors of the ERP implementation by doing the case study on SAP (Systems, Applications and Products).This dissertation explains the importance of ERP implementation within an organization, primarily within the large industries and explains the issues related with the usability and the users opinion on an implemented ERP system. The research project discussed in this dissertation is derived from an implemented ERP system on large industries in Bangalore. The aut hor has chosen SAP as his case study as the SAP provides the worlds best integrated solutions for the organizations. The system examined in this dissertation is the SAP implementation and the selected users for this system are the large industries in Bangalore like Bharath Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL), Karnataka land Road Transport Commission (KSRTC), Repcol, etc.1.7 Layout of the dissertationChapter 2 Literature Review This chapter explores the literary works that is relevant to the research questions on Enterprise Resource Planning systems and their implementation, Life cycle, Success factors, failure factors, the business aspects of ERP and as well as ERP solutions provided by SAP and its significance. This chapter mainly decoctes on eleven critical success factors of ERP systems. This chapter forget form the bases for the argument presented in proceeding chapters.Chapter 3 Research Approach This chapter discusses the boilers suit critique of the research approach an d methods that will guide this research. This chapter withal discusses about the techniques for data analysis including triangulation.Chapter 4 Research Site In this chapter, the site of the study and how the research was carried out (data collection) is discussed in detail. This chapter also provides the analysis of the data which was quiet and an overall conclusion of the analyzed data. The particular component of the ERP system is studied and the problems be encountered.Chapter 5 Conclusion and recommendations This chapter outlines the conclusion of the research with the recommendations and the suggestions for future research.Literature reviewAccording to Garg and venkitakrishnan (2006), business environment has changed more in the last five years than it was before. Enterprises are continuously trying to improve themselves in the areas quality, time to market, costumer satisfaction, performance and profitability. The Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) software fulfils all t hese needs.2.1 Definition of ERPEnterprise resource planning has been in be in many ship canal as cited by Brown (2006) they are as followsSets of business software which allows an organization for complete management of operations.(Al-Mashari, et al., 2003)A software infrastructure fixed with best practices, respectively best ways to do business based on common business practices or academic theory. (Bernroider Koch, 2001)An organization-wide Information System that tightly combines all aspects of a business. It promises one database, one application, and a unified interface across the entire enterprise. (Bingi, Sharma, Godla, 1999)Highly integrated enterprise-wide software package that computerize core business processes such as finance, human resources, manufacturing, and supply and distribution. (Holland Light, 1999)A packaged business software system that enables a company to manage the efficient and effective use of resources by providing a total, integrated solution for t he organizations information-processing needs. (Nah, Lau, Kuang, 2001)Business software that combines information across the organization. This integration removes inconsistencies and enables the organization to attain fused reports. (Shakir, 2000 cited by Brown, 2006)A conspiracy of business management practice and technology, where Information Technology integrates and automates many of the business practices associated with the core business processes, operations, or production aspects of a company to achieve specific business objectives. (Web-8www.sap.com)2.2 Features of ERP systemsAccording to Garg and venkitakrishnan (2006) ERP system needs have the following featuresModular design comprising many distinct business modules such as distribution, accounting, manufacturing, financial, etc. aim centralized common database management system (DBMS)The modules are integrated and provide seamless data flow among the modules, increasing operational transparency through standard inte rface.They are generally complex systems involving high cost.They are flexible and offer best business practices.They are time-consuming and chassis setups for integrating with the companys business information.The modules work in real time with online and batch processing capabilities.They will soon be internet enabled (Garg and venkitakrishnan, 2006).2.3 ModulesDifferent ERP vendors provide ERP systems with some degree of speciality but the core modules are almost the same for all of them. Some of the core ERP modules are Human resource management, Transportation management, Manufacturing management, invoice management, financial management, Production management, gross revenue and distribution management, Costumer relation management, contribute chain management and E-Business. The modules of an ERP system can either work as stand alone units or several(prenominal)(prenominal) modules can be combined together to form an integrated system. The systems are usually designed to op erate under several operating platforms. SAP AG, the largest ERP vendor provides a number of modules with its famous R/3 ERP system. New modules are introduced by SAP and other vendors in answer to the market and technological enquire such as the internet technology (Garg and venkitakrishnan, 2006).Koch et al. (1999) also discusses three common approaches to ERP systems implementation in organisations. As the number of modules being implemented increases, there is a shift from a big-bang to a phased approach.Big bang This approach enables organizations to cast off all their legacy systems at once and implement a single ERP system across the entire organization. This is the most ambitious and difficult of approaches to ERP implementation (Koch et al., 1999).Franchise Strategy This strategy, also referred to in literature as phased implementation, suits large or diverse companies that dont share many common processes across business units. Independent ERP systems are installed in each unit, while linking common processes (Koch et al., 1999). This is the most common way of implementing ERP and it allows the systems to link together only to share the information necessary for the corporation to get a performance big present across all the business units. Usually these implementations begin with a demonstration or pilot installation in a particularly open-minded and patient role business unit where the core business of the corporation will not be disrupted if something goes wrong (Koch et al. 1999 cited by Jenine, 2001).Slam-dunk With this approach, ERP dictates the process design and the focus is on just a few key business processes. This implementation strategy is most appropriate for smaller organizations (Koch et al., 1999).ERP systems are usually highly complex, expensive, and difficult to implement. Besides the traditional MRP functionality, ERP systems include applications for many other functional areas such as Customer Relationship Management, Sales and Marketing processes, Human Resources, Accounting and Finance, Supply Chain Management, and Operational and logistic Management. Many ERP vendors are offering some or all of these functions as options within their offering. Organizations can usually pick and take up between modules, implementing only those which are applicable to their situation (Al-Mashari et al., 2000 cited by Brown, 2006).2.4 Functions of ERPThis software tries to combine all departments and functions across a company onto a single computer system that can serve each different departments particular needs (Koch et al. 1999). ERP systems are nothing more than generic representations of the way a typical company which does business (Koch et al. 1999 cited by Jenine, 2001).ERP is software, which collects data from various key business processes and stores in a single comprehensive data repository where they can be used by other parts of the business. Many organizations are now using ERP systems to solve their p roblems. ERP improves organizational co-ordination, efficiency and decision-making. It is a kind of software, which helps managers to find out the most and the least profitable jobs. This in turn, helps managers to eliminate the most unprofitable jobs (Zygmont, 1998). Pp 89-91.ERPs allow computerising the tasks involved in performing a business process so it is important that implementers start with a clear expression of the business problems being addressed (Slater 1999 cited by Jenine, 2001).The most common reason that companies walk away from multimillion dollar ERP projects is that they nominate that the software does not support one of their important business processes (Koch et al. 1999).Not only do the business functions need to be identified, the more delicate issues such as the companys corporate nicety and management style must be examined to enable a holistic view of the implementation (Slater 1999).ERP systems stress the importance of accountability, certificate of in debtedness and communication within an organisation. They focus on optimizing the way things are done interior(a)ly rather than with customers, suppliers or partners (Koch et al. 1999 cited by Jenine, 2001).It is said that ERP is the best expression of the inseparability of business and information technology (Gupta, 2000). ERP systems suck up one specific theme integration of all organisational processes and this has attracted many organizations to adopt ERPs in recent year (Sia, et.al. 2002 cited by Thavapragasam, 2003).According to Gupta (2000) ERP allows companies to integrate departmental information and for many users, an ERP is a does it all system that performs everything from entry of sales orders to customer service. Moreover, an ERP-system enables companies to integrate data used throughout the whole organization and holds operation and logistic, procurement, sales and marketing, human resource and financial modules (Wassenaar, et al., 2002 cited by Thavapragasam, 2003) .ERPs are often known as off the shelf IT solutions that will enable organizations to achieve faster cycle fastens, reduces cost, and improved customer service (Sia, et al., 2002 cited by Thavapragasam, 2003).Wassenaar, et al. (2002) continues to suggest that ERP-system implementation implies a much stronger organizational change that normal information system development. Problems associated with software implementations are neither new nor specific to enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems.2.5 Impact of implementationThere is a small but growing literature on the impact of ERP systems the majority of these studies are interviews, cases studies or a collection of case studies and industry surveys (Davenport, 1998).McAfee (1999) studied the impact of ERP systems on self-reported company performance based on a survey of Indian implementers of SAP R/3 packages. Participating companies reported substantial performance improvement in several areas as a result of their ERP implementa tion, including their ability to provide information to customers, cycle times, and on-time completion rates.2.5.1 BenefitsERPs are designed to help manage organizational resources in an integrated manner. The primary benefits that are expected to result from their implementation are closely related to the level of integration that is promoted across functions in an enterprise. The master copy literature has been proactive in determine the types of benefits that companies might anticipate from their ERP systems and to what extent organizations had literally attained those benefits on a post-implementation basis. Expectations for improved business performance after adoption may result from both operational and strategic benefits (Irving 1999 Jenson and Johnson 1999 cited by Nicolaou, 2004).In the Benchmarking Partners study (1998), respondent companies anticipated both tangible and intangible benefits. The most significant intangible benefits related to internal integration, improv ed information and processes, and improved customer service, while tangible benefits related to cost efficiencies in inventory, personnel, procurement and the time inevitable to close books, as well as improvements in productivity, cash/order management, and overall profitability. In assessing the extent to which they had actually attained those benefits, however, on a post-implementation basis, it was manifest that they were not able to improve profitability or lower personnel, inventories, or system maintenance costs as much as they had hoped. On the other hand, respondents bankers billd better-than-expected results in overall productivity and in order-management cycle time, as well as procurement, on-time delivery, and the ability to close financial cycles (cited by Nicolaou, 2004).Likewise, in the multitude Board study (Peterson et al. 2001 cited by Nicolaou, 2004), responding companies reported anticipating similar types of tangible and intangible benefits, although it was evident that the realization of those benefits required more time than expected.Where as Gattiker and Goodhue (2000) group the literature of ERP benefits into four categoriesImprove information flow across sub-units, standardization and integration facilitates communication and better coordinationEnabling centralization of administrative activities such as account payable and payroll pull down IS maintenance costs and increase the ability to deploy new IS functionalityERP may be instrumental in moving a firm away from uneffective business processes and toward accepted best of practice processes.The above studies on the impact of ERP systems suggest that there are potentially substantial benefits for firms that successfully implemented ERP systems (Ragowsky and Somers, 2000). We note here the significance of ERP impact has started to attract more attention from the organizations (Sarkis and Gunasekaran, 2001 cited by Hitt et. al, 2001).2.5.2 LimitationsLimitations of ERP systems hav e also been widely documented as identified below.ERPs can have a negative impact on the work practices and culture of an organization (Gefen, 2000)There is a need for extensive skillful support prior to its actual use (Gefen, 2000).The need for competent consulting staff to extensively customize the ERP to increase the acceptance of a new system (Gefen 2000). omit of feature-function fit between the companys needs and the packages available (Markus and Tanis 2000).It takes an average of 8 months after the new system is installed to see any benefits (Koch et al. 1999).The Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) of ERP, as identified by the Meta Group, includes hardware, software, professional services and internal staff costs. TCO is averaged at $15 million per system (Koch et al., 1999).2.6 ERP lifecycleThe ERP life cycle is comprised of four phases namely analysis, installation, final exam preparation and go live (Robey, Ross and Boudreau, 2000). An integrative, theoretical framework was i ntroduced which we call integrated ERP implementation, which is comprised of a set of theoretically important constructs. This framework has been developed based on the project life cycle approach, in which the ERP implementation project goes through different stages before it goes live.There are number of factors that affect the ERP implementation process are termed in this study as implementation critical success factors. Upon the completion of ERP implementation project, performance is measured by a mix of outcomes (Robey, Ross and Boudreau, 2000).Since the models are unpredictable, they cannot be measured directly, multi-item scales, each composed of a set of individual items, were needed to obtain indirect measures of each construct (Robey, Ross and Boudreau, 2000).Implementation planning- It is the first phase of ERP implementation in which initial implementation plan is prepared, team members are selected (which could be new or roll over from the acquisition team), project sc ope and initial objectives are defined. In this phase as well the implementation strategies and outcomes are identified as well.Installation- It is the second phase of Implementation process, activities such as hardware and network is installed tally to the requirements of ERP system, configuration of ERP is conducted, system customization is performed and change management plan is executed.Final Preparation- In this phase data from legacy system is trade to the new system, data is born-again and system testing is performed. Moreover, the users are trained on the system.Go Live- Going Live is the point in time in the ERP implementation, when the system is first used for actual production. In this phase, ERP system goes lives, progress is monitored and user feedback is reviewed (Robey, Ross and Boudreau, 2000).2.7 Critical Factors of ERP implementation successThis section discusses the 11 factors that are critical to ERP implementation success (cited by Kuang, 2001).ERP teamwork a nd compositionERP teamwork and composition is important throughout the ERP life cycle. The ERP team should consist of the best people in the organization (Bingi et al., 1999 Rosario, 2000 Wee, 2000). build a cross-functional team is also critical. The team should have a mix of consultants and internal staff so the internal staff can developEffects of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)Effects of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)AbstractEnterprise resource planning (ERP) systems are the most ambitious, sophisticated use of information technology (IT) by businesses to date. Managers must compare the massive investments of resources and time to be committed to an ERP implementation against the significant benefits that may be derived from ERP systems in an environment in which traditional capital budgeting decision-making models may not be appropriate.The purpose of this study is to determine if ERP implementations have brought about significant changes on large industries in India, by answering questions other studies have not answered. This study is motivated both by an appreciation of the magnitude of a companys decision to invest in an ERP system and by the fact that other research to date contains limitations of scope or method that may reduce the reliability of reported results. Accordingly, this study examines success factors of ERP implementations.The results of this research are significantly more reliable than results of other studies because this research examines whether the ERP systems yield substantial benefits to the firms that adopt them, and that the adoption risks do not exceed the expected value, although there is some evidence (from analysis of financial leverage) that suggests that firms do definitely perceive ERP projects to be risky. There also appears to be an optimal level of functional integration in ERP with benefits declining at some level, consistent with diseconomies of scope for very large implementations, as one would typically exp ect.Introduction1.1 BackgroundInformation systems exist in most peoples working lives. It is now generally accepted that the information system world is one where human, social and organizational factors are as important as the technological (Avison et al. 2001).The business environment is changing dramatically and in order to stay competitive in the market, organizations must improve their business practices and procedures. Organizations within all departments and functions upgrade their capability to generate and communicate accurate and timely information. During the last decades, enterprises have focused on Information Technology (IT) and implemented various applications to automate their business processes. These applications were not developed in a coordinated way but have evolved as a result of the latest technological innovations. As a result various integration problems were caused because the applications could not co-operate and disparate IT solutions could not bind toget her (Thermistocleous and Irani, 2000).Prior to the concept of ERP systems, departments within an organization (for example, the human resources (HR) department, the payroll department, and the financials department) would have their own computer systems. The HR computer system would typically contain information on the department, reporting structure, and personal details of employees. The payroll department would typically calculate and store paycheck information. The financials department would typically store financial transactions for the organization. Each system would have to rely on a set of common data to communicate with each other. For the HRIS to send salary information to the payroll system, an employee number would need to be assigned and remain static between the two systems to accurately identify an employee. The financials system was not interested in the employee-level data, but only in the payouts made by the payroll systems, such as the tax payments to various aut horities, payments for employee benefits to providers, and so on. This provided complications. For instance, a person could not be paid in the payroll system without an employee number. But later ERP software, among other things, combined the data of formerly separate applications. This made the worry of keeping numbers in synchronization across multiple systems disappears. It standardized and reduced the number of software specialties required within larger organizations (Slater, 1999).1.2 Evolution of ERPThe evolution of ERP systems was after the spectacular developments in the field of computer hardware and software systems. In 1960s many organizations designed, developed and implemented centralized computing systems, which were almost like automating their inventory control systems using inventory packages (IC). These were legacy system based on their programming languages such as COBOL, ALGOL and FORTRAN. Material requirement planning (MRP) systems were developed in 1970s, whic h involves many planning the product or parts requirements according to the master production schedule (Okrent Vokurka, 2004).Following this system a new software system called manufacturing resource planning (MRP II) was introduced in 1980s with an emphasis on optimizing manufacturing process by synchronizing the materials with production requirements. Areas like shop floor and distribution management, human resource, finance, project management and engineering comes under MRP II (Okrent Vokurka, 2004).ERP systems first appeared in late 1980s and in the beginning of 1990s with the power of enterprise wide inter-functional co-ordination and integration. Based on the technological foundations of MRP and MRP II, ERP systems integrate business processes including manufacturing, accounting, human resource, distribution, financial, project management, service and maintenance, transportation, accessibility, visibility and consistency across the enterprise (Okrent Vokurka, 2004).During 1990s ERP vendors added more modules and functions as added advantage to the core modules giving birth to the Extended ERP. These ERP extensions include advanced planning and scheduling (APS), e-business solution such as costumer relationship management (CRM) and supply chain management (SCM) (Okrent Vokurka, 2004).1.3 About ERP systemsDuring the 1990s, Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems was introduced as integrated suites that included a wide range of software products supporting day-to-day business operations and decision-making. ERP serves many industries and numerous functional areas in an integrated fashion, attempting to automate operations from supply chain management, inventory control, manufacturing scheduling and production, sales support, customer relationship management, financial and cost accounting, human resources and almost any other data oriented management process. ERP systems have become increasingly prevalent over the last 10 years. Enterprise resource p lanning (ERP) systems are the most ambitious, sophisticated use of information technology (IT) by businesses to date. Managers must compare the massive investments of resources and time to be committed to an ERP implementation against the significant benefits that may be derived from ERP systems in an environment in which traditional capital budgeting decision-making models may not be appropriate. The license/maintenance revenue of ERP market was $17.2 billion dollars in 1998, it is expected to be $24.3 billion dollars in 2000, and ERP systems have been implemented in over 60% of multi-national firms. This market also cuts across industries for example, two of the worlds best-known software companies, IBM and Microsoft, now run most of their business on software neither of them makes, the SAP R/3 ERP package made by SAP AG (OLeary, 2000).The appeal of the ERP systems is clear. While most organizations typically had software systems that performed much of the component functions of ERP, the standardized and integrated ERP software environment provides a degree of interoperable that was difficult and expensive to achieve with stand alone, custom-built systems. For example, when a salesperson enters an order in the field, the transaction can immediately flow through to other functional areas both within and external to the firm. The order might trigger an immediate change in production plans, inventory stock levels or employees schedules, or lead to the automated generation of invoices and credit evaluations for the customer and purchase orders from suppliers. In addition to process automation, the ability of ERP systems to disseminate timely and accurate information also enables improved managerial and worker decision-making. Managers can make decisions based on current data, while individual workers can have greater access to information, enabling increasing delegation of authority for production decisions as well as improved communications to customers (OLear y, 2000).1.4 Model layer of ERPA Global Business Process Model is created which represents the whole ERP software product. This model is layered in 3 deeper levels.The first level is the System Configuration Level, which scopes on high-level option on the entire system. Option definition is therefore static once a high-level option of the ERP system is chosen to be used within the organization, the choice cannot be made changed.One level deeper is the Object Level, which scopes on single data objects. The option on this level is more dynamic.The lowest level is the Occurrence level, which analyses single process occurrences. Because this level elaborates on object parameters, the option is very dynamic, meaning that options can easily be altered (Garg and venkitakrishnan, 2006).1.5 Case studyWe systematically study the productivity and business performance effects of ERP using a unique dataset on firms that have purchased licenses for the SAP R/3 system, the most widely adopted ERP package. In the last 30 years, SAP has become the global leader in business software, serving more than 38,000 customers worldwide, including organizations of every size and type. Along the way, SAP has accumulated a unique knowledge base of best practices in more than 25 industries. The SAP tradition of leadership continues with a new generation of ERP software that gives the company unprecedented speed and flexibility to improve your bottom line by improving your enterprise resource planning (Web-1). Our goal is to better understand the economics of ERP implementations specifically, and more broadly, contribute to the understanding of the benefits of large-scale Industries in India.The author has tried to find out the success of ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) implementation and the return on investment depends, among other factors, on the active project management team. This success and return on investment is very important to the organization since implementation cost is ver y high and the resulting Information Technology platform needs to supply significantly to the organizations business strategy and survival. Since competitors are likely to be implementing ERP solutions at the same time, there is the added advantage to gain a benefit, a boundary. How is this achieved?According to the research the organizations that have successfully implemented the ERP systems are gathering the benefits of having integrating working environment, standardized process and operational benefits. There have been many disgusting stories of improper ERP implementation because of which many companies have become bankrupt and in many cases organizations have decided to discard the ERP implementation projects. Not all ERP implementations have been successful. Majority of these studies have used case studies to conclude their findings and very few have used the experiential study of the ERP implementation process and its success.The difficulties and high failure rate in impleme nting ERP systems have been widely cited in the literature (Davenport, 1998), but research on critical success factors in ERP implementation is rare and sectioned. Till now, only a few organizations have done a little to imagine the important predictors for initial and ongoing ERP implementation success (Brown and Vessey, 1999). This research is an effort to achieve that. It identifies the critical success factors in ERP implementation, categorizes them into the respective phases in the ERP life cycle model and discusses the importance of these factors in ERP implementation (Markus and Tanis, 2000).1.6 Aims and objectivesThis research is an attempt to broaden the ERP implementation research by defining the theoretical areas built and operational measures specific to ERP implementation and success measure to advance ERP research.1.6.1 AimThe main aim of this research is to study and analyze the impact of implementing ERP solutions on large industries in India.1.6.2 ObjectiveThe objec tive of this dissertation is toStudy about the Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems and their business aspects.Analysing the implementation process of ERP systems and their Life cycle.Analysing the success and failure factors of the implementation of ERP systems.Analysing the pre and post implementation strategies involved in an ERP project.Understanding the effect of implementing ERP solutions on Indian large industries.Understanding the success factors of the ERP implementation by doing the case study on SAP (Systems, Applications and Products).This dissertation explains the importance of ERP implementation within an organization, primarily within the large industries and explains the issues related with the usability and the users opinion on an implemented ERP system. The research project discussed in this dissertation is derived from an implemented ERP system on large industries in Bangalore. The author has chosen SAP as his case study as the SAP provides the worlds best i ntegrated solutions for the organizations. The system examined in this dissertation is the SAP implementation and the selected users for this system are the large industries in Bangalore like Bharath Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL), Karnataka State Road Transport Commission (KSRTC), Repcol, etc.1.7 Layout of the dissertationChapter 2 Literature Review This chapter explores the literature that is relevant to the research questions on Enterprise Resource Planning systems and their implementation, Life cycle, Success factors, failure factors, the business aspects of ERP and as well as ERP solutions provided by SAP and its significance. This chapter mainly focuses on eleven critical success factors of ERP systems. This chapter will form the bases for the argument presented in proceeding chapters.Chapter 3 Research Approach This chapter discusses the overall review of the research approach and methods that will guide this research. This chapter also discusses about the techniques for data analysis including triangulation.Chapter 4 Research Site In this chapter, the site of the study and how the research was carried out (data collection) is discussed in detail. This chapter also provides the analysis of the data which was collected and an overall conclusion of the analyzed data. The particular component of the ERP system is studied and the problems being encountered.Chapter 5 Conclusion and recommendations This chapter outlines the conclusion of the research with the recommendations and the suggestions for future research.Literature reviewAccording to Garg and venkitakrishnan (2006), business environment has changed more in the last five years than it was before. Enterprises are continuously trying to improve themselves in the areas quality, time to market, costumer satisfaction, performance and profitability. The Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) software fulfils all these needs.2.1 Definition of ERPEnterprise resource planning has been in defined in many way s as cited by Brown (2006) they are as followsSets of business software which allows an organization for complete management of operations.(Al-Mashari, et al., 2003)A software infrastructure fixed with best practices, respectively best ways to do business based on common business practices or academic theory. (Bernroider Koch, 2001)An organization-wide Information System that tightly combines all aspects of a business. It promises one database, one application, and a unified interface across the entire enterprise. (Bingi, Sharma, Godla, 1999)Highly integrated enterprise-wide software package that computerize core business processes such as finance, human resources, manufacturing, and supply and distribution. (Holland Light, 1999)A packaged business software system that enables a company to manage the efficient and effective use of resources by providing a total, integrated solution for the organizations information-processing needs. (Nah, Lau, Kuang, 2001)Business software that combines information across the organization. This integration removes inconsistencies and enables the organization to attain consolidated reports. (Shakir, 2000 cited by Brown, 2006)A combination of business management practice and technology, where Information Technology integrates and automates many of the business practices associated with the core business processes, operations, or production aspects of a company to achieve specific business objectives. (Web-8www.sap.com)2.2 Features of ERP systemsAccording to Garg and venkitakrishnan (2006) ERP system needs have the following featuresModular design comprising many distinct business modules such as distribution, accounting, manufacturing, financial, etc.Use centralized common database management system (DBMS)The modules are integrated and provide seamless data flow among the modules, increasing operational transparency through standard interface.They are generally complex systems involving high cost.They are flexible and offer best business practices.They are time-consuming and configuration setups for integrating with the companys business information.The modules work in real time with online and batch processing capabilities.They will soon be internet enabled (Garg and venkitakrishnan, 2006).2.3 ModulesDifferent ERP vendors provide ERP systems with some degree of speciality but the core modules are almost the same for all of them. Some of the core ERP modules are Human resource management, Transportation management, Manufacturing management, Accounting management, financial management, Production management, Sales and distribution management, Costumer relation management, Supply chain management and E-Business. The modules of an ERP system can either work as stand alone units or several modules can be combined together to form an integrated system. The systems are usually designed to operate under several operating platforms. SAP AG, the largest ERP vendor provides a number of modules with its famous R/ 3 ERP system. New modules are introduced by SAP and other vendors in response to the market and technological demand such as the internet technology (Garg and venkitakrishnan, 2006).Koch et al. (1999) also discusses three common approaches to ERP systems implementation in organisations. As the number of modules being implemented increases, there is a shift from a big-bang to a phased approach.Big bang This approach enables organizations to cast off all their legacy systems at once and implement a single ERP system across the entire organization. This is the most ambitious and difficult of approaches to ERP implementation (Koch et al., 1999).Franchise Strategy This strategy, also referred to in literature as phased implementation, suits large or diverse companies that dont share many common processes across business units. Independent ERP systems are installed in each unit, while linking common processes (Koch et al., 1999). This is the most common way of implementing ERP and it al lows the systems to link together only to share the information necessary for the corporation to get a performance big picture across all the business units. Usually these implementations begin with a demonstration or pilot installation in a particularly open-minded and patient business unit where the core business of the corporation will not be disrupted if something goes wrong (Koch et al. 1999 cited by Jenine, 2001).Slam-dunk With this approach, ERP dictates the process design and the focus is on just a few key business processes. This implementation strategy is most appropriate for smaller organizations (Koch et al., 1999).ERP systems are usually highly complex, expensive, and difficult to implement. Besides the traditional MRP functionality, ERP systems include applications for many other functional areas such as Customer Relationship Management, Sales and Marketing processes, Human Resources, Accounting and Finance, Supply Chain Management, and Operational and Logistical Mana gement. Many ERP vendors are offering some or all of these functions as options within their offering. Organizations can usually pick and choose between modules, implementing only those which are applicable to their situation (Al-Mashari et al., 2000 cited by Brown, 2006).2.4 Functions of ERPThis software tries to combine all departments and functions across a company onto a single computer system that can serve each different departments particular needs (Koch et al. 1999). ERP systems are nothing more than generic representations of the way a typical company which does business (Koch et al. 1999 cited by Jenine, 2001).ERP is software, which collects data from various key business processes and stores in a single comprehensive data repository where they can be used by other parts of the business. Many organizations are now using ERP systems to solve their problems. ERP improves organizational co-ordination, efficiency and decision-making. It is a kind of software, which helps manag ers to find out the most and the least profitable jobs. This in turn, helps managers to eliminate the most unprofitable jobs (Zygmont, 1998). Pp 89-91.ERPs allow computerising the tasks involved in performing a business process so it is important that implementers start with a clear expression of the business problems being addressed (Slater 1999 cited by Jenine, 2001).The most common reason that companies walk away from multimillion dollar ERP projects is that they discover that the software does not support one of their important business processes (Koch et al. 1999).Not only do the business functions need to be identified, the more delicate issues such as the companys corporate culture and management style must be examined to enable a holistic view of the implementation (Slater 1999).ERP systems stress the importance of accountability, responsibility and communication within an organisation. They focus on optimizing the way things are done internally rather than with customers, s uppliers or partners (Koch et al. 1999 cited by Jenine, 2001).It is said that ERP is the best expression of the inseparability of business and information technology (Gupta, 2000). ERP systems highlight one specific theme integration of all organisational processes and this has attracted many organizations to adopt ERPs in recent year (Sia, et.al. 2002 cited by Thavapragasam, 2003).According to Gupta (2000) ERP allows companies to integrate departmental information and for many users, an ERP is a does it all system that performs everything from entry of sales orders to customer service. Moreover, an ERP-system enables companies to integrate data used throughout the whole organization and holds operation and logistic, procurement, sales and marketing, human resource and financial modules (Wassenaar, et al., 2002 cited by Thavapragasam, 2003).ERPs are often known as off the shelf IT solutions that will enable organizations to achieve faster cycle fastens, reduces cost, and improved cu stomer service (Sia, et al., 2002 cited by Thavapragasam, 2003).Wassenaar, et al. (2002) continues to suggest that ERP-system implementation implies a much stronger organizational change that normal information system development. Problems associated with software implementations are neither new nor specific to enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems.2.5 Impact of implementationThere is a small but growing literature on the impact of ERP systems the majority of these studies are interviews, cases studies or a collection of case studies and industry surveys (Davenport, 1998).McAfee (1999) studied the impact of ERP systems on self-reported company performance based on a survey of Indian implementers of SAP R/3 packages. Participating companies reported substantial performance improvement in several areas as a result of their ERP implementation, including their ability to provide information to customers, cycle times, and on-time completion rates.2.5.1 BenefitsERPs are designed to h elp manage organizational resources in an integrated manner. The primary benefits that are expected to result from their implementation are closely related to the level of integration that is promoted across functions in an enterprise. The professional literature has been proactive in determining the types of benefits that companies might anticipate from their ERP systems and to what extent organizations had actually attained those benefits on a post-implementation basis. Expectations for improved business performance after adoption may result from both operational and strategic benefits (Irving 1999 Jenson and Johnson 1999 cited by Nicolaou, 2004).In the Benchmarking Partners study (1998), respondent companies anticipated both tangible and intangible benefits. The most significant intangible benefits related to internal integration, improved information and processes, and improved customer service, while tangible benefits related to cost efficiencies in inventory, personnel, procur ement and the time needed to close books, as well as improvements in productivity, cash/order management, and overall profitability. In assessing the extent to which they had actually attained those benefits, however, on a post-implementation basis, it was evident that they were not able to improve profitability or lower personnel, inventories, or system maintenance costs as much as they had hoped. On the other hand, respondents noted better-than-expected results in overall productivity and in order-management cycle time, as well as procurement, on-time delivery, and the ability to close financial cycles (cited by Nicolaou, 2004).Likewise, in the Conference Board study (Peterson et al. 2001 cited by Nicolaou, 2004), responding companies reported anticipating similar types of tangible and intangible benefits, although it was evident that the realization of those benefits required more time than expected.Where as Gattiker and Goodhue (2000) group the literature of ERP benefits into fo ur categoriesImprove information flow across sub-units, standardization and integration facilitates communication and better coordinationEnabling centralization of administrative activities such as account payable and payrollReduce IS maintenance costs and increase the ability to deploy new IS functionalityERP may be instrumental in moving a firm away from inefficient business processes and toward accepted best of practice processes.The above studies on the impact of ERP systems suggest that there are potentially substantial benefits for firms that successfully implemented ERP systems (Ragowsky and Somers, 2000). We note here the significance of ERP impact has started to attract more attention from the organizations (Sarkis and Gunasekaran, 2001 cited by Hitt et. al, 2001).2.5.2 LimitationsLimitations of ERP systems have also been widely documented as identified below.ERPs can have a negative impact on the work practices and culture of an organization (Gefen, 2000)There is a need fo r extensive technical support prior to its actual use (Gefen, 2000).The need for competent consulting staff to extensively customize the ERP to increase the acceptance of a new system (Gefen 2000).Lack of feature-function fit between the companys needs and the packages available (Markus and Tanis 2000).It takes an average of 8 months after the new system is installed to see any benefits (Koch et al. 1999).The Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) of ERP, as identified by the Meta Group, includes hardware, software, professional services and internal staff costs. TCO is averaged at $15 million per system (Koch et al., 1999).2.6 ERP lifecycleThe ERP life cycle is comprised of four phases namely analysis, installation, final preparation and go live (Robey, Ross and Boudreau, 2000). An integrative, theoretical framework was introduced which we call integrated ERP implementation, which is comprised of a set of theoretically important constructs. This framework has been developed based on the pro ject life cycle approach, in which the ERP implementation project goes through different stages before it goes live.There are number of factors that affect the ERP implementation process are termed in this study as implementation critical success factors. Upon the completion of ERP implementation project, performance is measured by a mix of outcomes (Robey, Ross and Boudreau, 2000).Since the models are unpredictable, they cannot be measured directly, multi-item scales, each composed of a set of individual items, were needed to obtain indirect measures of each construct (Robey, Ross and Boudreau, 2000).Implementation planning- It is the first phase of ERP implementation in which initial implementation plan is prepared, team members are selected (which could be new or roll over from the acquisition team), project scope and initial objectives are defined. In this phase as well the implementation strategies and outcomes are identified as well.Installation- It is the second phase of Impl ementation process, activities such as hardware and network is installed according to the requirements of ERP system, configuration of ERP is conducted, system customization is performed and change management plan is executed.Final Preparation- In this phase data from legacy system is imported to the new system, data is converted and system testing is performed. Moreover, the users are trained on the system.Go Live- Going Live is the point in time in the ERP implementation, when the system is first used for actual production. In this phase, ERP system goes lives, progress is monitored and user feedback is reviewed (Robey, Ross and Boudreau, 2000).2.7 Critical Factors of ERP implementation successThis section discusses the 11 factors that are critical to ERP implementation success (cited by Kuang, 2001).ERP teamwork and compositionERP teamwork and composition is important throughout the ERP life cycle. The ERP team should consist of the best people in the organization (Bingi et al., 1999 Rosario, 2000 Wee, 2000).Building a cross-functional team is also critical. The team should have a mix of consultants and internal staff so the internal staff can develop

The Importance of Volunteerism Essay -- Contribution to My Community Se

In social science, economists argue that people act in their personal best following in contrast, volunteers pass oningly share their talents and provide services to others with no obligation or any incentive for personal gain. Volunteers have made significant contri entirelyions to charitable, educational, and worthy causes within a small community to foreign countries with no boundaries. Undeniably, the exchange of thoughts and have it offs are extended through the volunteer process. With flexibility in time and summer vacations, university students are a large majority in the volunteer force around the world The affaire in volunteerism and extracurricular activities are not lone(prenominal) beneficial to both the individual student and to the society, but are crucial factors to the university experience with evidence from my three years stay at fags University. University students are under the advantage to network and alleviate academic stress from their participation in volunteerism and extracurricular activities. As a student ambassador of poofs Student Alumni Association (QSAA), I was given the chance to become more connected to the student body, the alumni around the world, and the history of Queens University. relation the Oil Thigh at football games and making cheers of Chai Ghai during homecoming celebrations with QSAA had made me even prouder of being associated to Queens University. My exploration of Queens traditions was tho enhanced from my support to QSAA hosting social events of Crunch Brunch and Grad BBQ to each years upcoming graduating class. In addition, my friend groups had expanded broader with my engagement to the Queens Dance Club (QDC). Every Sunday dance class had became a highlight in my university li... ...tion, but most importantly my volunteer experience along with the numerous other students have made university lives strongly connected to current events and the rest of the world. Therefore, not only are the student a ctivities valuable to students themselves, but also to the overall society.Compassion and passion developed from higher intellectual thinking and awareness of the surroundings provide the gigantic motives in university student volunteerism and activities. From the involvement in these actions, a more colourful university life is portrayed with significant contribution to personal growth and social impact. As a consequence, I will definitely continue my participation in student volunteerism and extracurricular activities as it provides the fundaments to my university experience as the voyage is as worthwhile and rewarding as receiving a diploma.

Nationalism in All Quiet on The Western Front :: All Quiet on the Western Front Essays

Nationalism in All Quiet on The Western Front Nationalism stomach be defined as having a sense of belonging and loyalty to ones country or nation state. Of all the atomic number 63an nations, France was the first to sport the paper of nationalism. Many countries became influenced by the Frenchs ideas of nationali sm, As a result nationalism had spread through with(predicate)t out Europe by the nineteenth and twenteth century. One result that nationalisn had on Europe was, the wanting of unification. The people of nation states wanted their country to belong to. This wanting lea d to the unfying of Italy and Germany. Soon nationalism had increased the peoples confidedence., and a feeling of imperialism ran through the unified countries. Unified countries such as France, Germany, Russia wanted to extend their empires. But this Imperialism in Europe led to many conflicts between countries. All this Conflict last resulted in the begining of Worls War I. The causes of World Wa r I were the intense nationalism that dominated Europe throughout the 19th and into the 20th century, and the establishment of large armies in Europe after 1871. Imperialism created a rivaly between nations and empires. The build up of armies and navies created fear between nations. France feared Germany, Germany feared Russia, Austria-Hungary and Russia rivaled around Bulkans, Britain feared Germans expanding navy, Slovakia wanted to free Slavian land from Astria-Hungarys apressi on. Italy was jealous of French and side colonies in Africa. Ottoman Empire struggled to survive in a hostile climate. Germany sign(a) a secret alliance with Austria-Hungray and Italy, thus creating a Triple Alliance. France and Russia signed an Entente agreement which was later signed by Britain, thus creating Triple Entante. Then Europe was divided into hostile camps. During this time nationalism had caused a golrified take care of the war. Thise ken showed how inexpirence the people of Europe were in war far. In Erich Maria Remarques novel All Quiet on the Western Front, we can see that eventhough this gorious view contradicted the Germans soildiers expectations, they still stayed loyal. In the Begining of the novel we read that Paul Baumer and his class mates had volunteered to enlist in the war. But they were forced in to volunteering. Their school master Kantorek had alter their heads up with views of nationalism which glorified the war.

Environmental Law Essay -- essays research papers

Nollan vs. CCCAbstract of 483 U.S. 825, 97 L. Ed.2d 677James Patrick Nollan, et ux., Appellant v. California coastal Commission.Case DefinitionThe case is Nollan versus the California Coastal Commission. The Nollans were the appellates against a decision made by the California Coastal Commission (CCC). The Nollans had been leasing a property on the California coast with which they had an option to buy. The property lies directly at the foot of the Pacific Ocean and is a prime piece of real estate on the California Coast. The property had been used by the Nollans to rent out during the summer months to vacationers. At the end of the Nollans lease they took the option to buy the land and began preparing for the terms of purchase by the previous land owner. Among those terms was the demolishing of the small deteriorating bungalow that the Nollans had been leasing. The Nollans had planned to expand the structure from the small bungalow that it was to a three chamber house more complim entary to the surrounding homes and their needs. In order to begin destruction of the property and begin rebuilding the site the Nollans had to secure a appropriate from the California Coastal Commission. Upon submitting the permit application, the CCC found that the permit should be granted on the condition that the Nollans provide public access to the beach and to the local anesthetic county park, which lay adjacent to the property. This provision called for the Nollans to use a portion of thei...

A Glimpse of Culture From the Eyes of an Engineer :: Personal Narrative Cultural Essays

The 850 a.m. bell rings. Thirty faces look up at the board. The infrigidation cycle begins with refrigerant R-134a proceeding to ... Most pencils are hard at work, taking diligent notes. Some students stare into the board, attempting to imprint the entire schematic of the refrigeration cycle into their memories. Others take a shot of Mountain Dew to clear the mental passages, or wake up from the previous evening. Concentration levels run high, as we entirely endeavor to excel at what we have been doing for the last several years -- pursuing an engineering degree. Each student in that Thermodynamics classroom had by this blot in his or her undergraduate engineering career settled comfortably into the American engineering lifestyle. We had all gone through Statics as freshman, struggled with Dynamics as sophomores, and went on to tackle the curriculum that lay ahead. Gradually many of us became involved in campus organizations or committees. We bought organizer calendars, and watche d the days fill up with meetings and activities that fill our thirst for involvement and drove us to achieve in and out of the classroom. We dove into the crazy, driven and exciting pace of life at a precise reputable Big Ten University, ready to reap all of the benefits that an undergraduate degree has to offer. As one of the thirty students in that very classroom, I had seminal fluid to know this lifestyle well. To me it was the best and most intense of all worlds that I had seen up to that point in life, and it was the most satisfying. Yet being comfortable in the realm of undergraduate engineering arose in me a curiosity about other worlds. The curiosity developed into an urge to deviate from the well- raiseed path, and risk stepping into a complete unknown. The wheels began to turn, the plans formed, and several semesters later I was sitting in a somewhat different classroom. The students numbered around 60. They sat at long desks, ten seating area in a row, elbow to elbow. Their style of dress was similar to what I knew, though there was not a baseball cap to be found on top of anyones brow. They sat attentively, pens in hand, paper ready for taking serious notes. The professor stood before the room, waiting as stragglers walked in. No bell rang to entail the start of class. When enough stragglers had made it in, the professor walked over to the door and shut it.

Protection Of Endangered Species Essay -- essays research papers

Out of all(a) the species that have ever existed since the beginning of time, 98% of them ar nonexistent (Facts). There are an estimated 5-10 million species that exist currently and only 1.5 million have been identified (Sherry, 2). Scientists classify species into six different groups plants, living organisms, insects, algae, fungi, and microorganisms (Todays Situation). In the tropic rainforest alone, most species are disappearing at the rate of 1% a year (Sherry, 6). If the current trend continues, at least 50% of all currently existing species will be either extinct or endangered by the year 2050 (Todays Situation). For this reason endangered species deserve to a greater extent protection than the current regulations provide.Throughout history there have been many different reasons for the extinction of species. The earliest known reason was 64-66 million years ago when scientists believe a meteorite struck earth causing the extinction of the dinosaur and of 85% of the spe cies existing at the time (Sherry, 2). A nonher major problem is the introduction of species into a new environment. Most introduced species become pests because they have no natural enemies and can easily out compete native species that have natural enemies, thus overpopulating a certain environment (Sherry, 5). The main causes of extinction are habitat dying, commercial exploitation, damage by non-native species introduced into the environment, and pollution (Definition of endangered species). Out of all of these, habitat destruction is the major source of extinction. It is thought that at least 4,000-6,000 species become extinct each year in the rain forest alone due to ruin acreage to make room for farm fields (Todays situation). Most of the human caused extinctions occurred during the Industrial Revolution, which was 250 years ago (Sherry, 2). Another significant reason for the decline, if not extinction of species is hunting and poaching animals. A good example of this is th e near extinction of the American Bison due to over hunting. Between 1870 and 1875, 2.5 million Bison were killed annually. In 1883 the destination significant herd with around 10,000 members was done away with. By 1990 there were only an estimated 500 plain Bison remaining in the United State (Direct Causes). These are all key reasons for the extinction of species and if we can avoid them then we may prevent the future extinctio... ...eature and is being born to a dairy cow (Bergley, 56). This is the get-go time that a specie has been cloned using the eggs and surrogate mother of an entirely different specie (Bergley, 56). If we continue DNA from endangered species it creates the potential for an animal to be cloned, which could increase the genetic diversity of endangered species and prevent inbreeding (Bergley,56). If the cloning of endangered species continues it will increase the number of a certain specie and possibly one day will take them off the endangered species lis t.Unless we take the precautions to protect and preserve endangered species, they will disappear forever. Without them, the earths ecosystem may very well crumble. When we endanger wildlife, we are also endangering ourselves. We as humans must learn from our mistakes and prevent the further destruction of wildlife habitat and help to preserve endangered species and conserve their natural environments. Something that will help us remember this is that Living species today, are the end products of twenty million centuries of evolution absolutely zip can be done when the species has finally gone, when the last pair has died out (Quotes).