Financial Analysis of Hershey and Tootsie Roll Essay

Introduction Tootsie Roll and Hershey are two similar companies with a similar product offering, but they operate on entirely different scales. In an effort to determine the better investment of the two companies we will utilize multiple financial analysis ratios to gauge the health of the respective companies in terms of liquidity (the ability to pay short-term liabilities and respond to opportunities), solvency (the long-term viability of the company) and profitability (the efficiency at which the can turn it’s resources into profits). However, the snapshot picture of health that a single years worth of financial statements provide is not enough. Below we have offered a horizontal analysis of the respective companies to show the change in their health from 2012 to 2013 and analyzed the two companies against each other to show why we recommend Hershey as the better investment. Liquidity and Solvency Current Ratio The current ratio is defined as the current assets divided by the current liabilities for a given period. This ratio is important because it helps measure a company’s ability to pay their current liabilities with their current assets. This shows helps determine the liquidity of the companies and their ability to respond to market opportunities. Tootsie Roll has a current ratio of 3.25 in 2012 and 3.99 in 2013(an 18.5 percent increase). Hershey, on the other hand, has a current ratio of 1.44 and 1.77 (also an 18.5 percent increase) respectively. Both companies have increased year over year. As the current ratio shows, the Tootsie maintains a healthier ratio, but both have improved at the same rate. Debt to Asset Ratio This is a comparison of the debt-to-total asset ratio; also known as the leverage ratio, of both companies. This ratio is a good measure of solvency as it shows the percentage of assets that are financed with debt. Tootsie Roll has a ratio of 23 percent for both years while Hershey has a ratio of 78 percent and 70 percent respective to 2012 and 2013. Generally, this number should not be too high. While Hershey’s numbers are higher than Tootsie Roll’s, Hershey’s numbers have improved over the year. Furthermore, we believe Tootsie Roll may actually be under-leveraged since, â€Å"Having a healthy amount of debt can actually enhance a company’s profitability, in terms of the shareholders’ investment† (Harrison, Horngren, Thomas, 2013). As will be seen from the following ratios on profitability, Hershey is more efficiently turning their assets into profits, suggesting a better use of the healthy leverage shown in the debt to asset ratio. Profitability Gross Profit Rate A major factor for investors will always be the profitability of a company. One of the fundamental ratios to utilize when measuring the ability of a company to create a profit is the gross profit ratio, which is important for internal use as well as external use. For example: â€Å"Gross profit percentage is markup stated as a percentage of sales†. (Harrison Jr., Horngen, Tomas, 2013) This ratio will identify how much gross profit is being generated by every dollar the company generates though sales. Investors will always want to carefully keep track of the gross profit ratio in order to identify a downturn or an upturn in profits. Furthermore, The Hershey Company had a higher increase in gross profit ratio than Tootsie Roll Industries. The Hershey Company managed to increase the profit ratio from 43 percent in the year 2012 to 48 percent in the year 2013. This shows that The Hershey Company managed to increase their profit ratio by 11.5 percent from previous year. Tootsie Roll, on the other hand, also improved year over year, but only by 5.5 percent to reach a gross profit rate of 35 percent in 2013. It is important to note that the minimum increase in gross profit for every dollar of sales can make a huge difference in profits. For example: â€Å"an upturn by a small percentage can mean millions of dollars in additional profits†. (Harrison Jr., Horngen, Tomas, 2013) Even though the cost of goods sold consumes $0.52 of each sale, The Hershey Company managed to generate a  profit of $0.48 for each dollar of sales. Profit Margin Ratio The profit margin ratio demonstrates the ability of a company to increase the percentage of net income earned for every dollar of sales. For example: â€Å"this ratio shows the percentage of each sales dollar earned as net income†. (Harrison Jr., Horngen, Tomas, 2013) The Hershey Company was able to increase the profit margin ratio from 10 percent in 2012 to 11 percent in 2013. The increase in profit margin from the previous year 2012 shows that the performance of the company is increasing which means that revenue is increasing or expenses are decreasing. Furthermore, The Hershey Company is managing their performance efficiently and this is directly reflected in profit margin ratio. Return on Assets The return on assets (ROA) ratio helps measure how profitable a company is in relation to its total assets. In the case of Tootsie Roll, the company had an ROA of .06 in 2012 and an ROA of .07 in 2013. This is an increase of close to 16.7 percent year over year. Hershey, on the other hand had an ROA of .14 in 2012 and .16 in 2013. Hershey’s rising ROA is comparable at 14.3 percent. With change 16.7 percent and 14.3 percent being so similar, we favor Hershey’s ROA at the higher rate of .16 in 2013 as opposed to Tootsie Roll’s relatively meager .07 ROA. Payout Ratio The payout ratio will help make the final case of Hershey as the better investment of the comparable companies. The payout ratio measures the proportion of earnings that are paid to investors and shareholders. Because dividends are so important to the investment opportunity, this is an important ratio when looking at a company for investment income. In 2012 Tootsie Roll had a high payout ratio of 1.01 percent where Hershey’s was 52 percent in comparison. However, in 2013 Tootsie Roll’s payout ratio dropped a huge, 77 percent to 23 a percent ratio. Hershey’s payout ratio also dropped, but only 7.6 percent to 48 a percent ratio. Not only is 48 percent a better current number than Tootsie Roll’s .23, but as a long-term investment Hershey shows much more stability. Therefore Hershey continues to stand out as the stronger investment opportunity. Conclusion Determining the better of two companies to invest in is risky business and involves many factors outside of the numbers provided on financial statements. However, we have seen that by looking at the liquidity, solvency and profitability of the companies against each other an over time, we can gain valuable insights as to how well the respective companies are performing in the current environment and how well they are positioned to take advantage of rising opportunities and threats. Our analysis of Tootsie Roll and Hershey show that while Tootsie Roll has safer numbers in respect to liquidity and solvency, Hershey is clearly more efficiently using both it’s assets and liabilities to turn higher profits and pass that money on to it’s investors. Therefore, The Hershey Company is the clear choice to invest with. Bibliography Harrison, W. T. (2013). Financial Accounting, VitalSource for DeVry University, (9th ed.). Pearson Learning Solutions. Hershey. (2013). SEC Annual Report. SEC. Hershey: The Hershey Company. Tootsie Roll Industries. (2013). SEC Filing 10-K 2013. Chicago: Tootsie Roll.

Macbeth Act 5 Scene 3 Essay

In William Shakespeare’s Act 5 Scene 3 of Macbeth, a complete different side of Macbeth is revealed. In the beginning of the play Macbeth is a man who cannot even stand up for himself, and a man who completely relies on his wife to make major decisions. Then the very next day Macbeth becomes a man who murder, the king Duncan, and then two servants, and later his best friend Banquo. This man, Macbeth, is a psychopath, he see’s s ghost of Banquo during a dinner banquet. Finally Macbeth even kills a defenseless woman and her innocent child. Macbeth’s dissent to madness becomes completely evident in Act 5 Scene 3. This scene takes place in the castle of Dunsinane and is extremely important for it revels Mactheth’s change over the course of the play and his character. In this scene Macbeth has totally become a tyrant king who is filled with anger, hate and cockiness. In the beginning of the scene he takes his anger out on the messenger by calling him a â€Å"creamfaced loon† (Act 5. 3. 12) This response to the messenger is important for it shows how Macbeth is filled with rage and how he is a tyrant. His abuse of power as king is also revealed when he becomes enraged at the doctor by saying â€Å"throw psychic to the dogs†. This shows his impatience with the doctor for not being able to curing Lady Macbeth. (5. 3. 57-78) Macbeth continues to insult the doctor. He says to cure â€Å"cleanse the bosom of the perilous stuff†. The doctors is very insulted and states that profit again will never motivate him to come back to help Macbeth. Also in this scene Macbeth acts oddly, for example he wants to wear his armor much before the battle starts. Macbeth truly acts like a tyrant in this scene. He tells his assistant Seyton to â€Å"hang anyone who talks of fear†. (5. 3. 42) Macbeth’s interactions with others such as the doctor and messenger and Seyton show his irrationality and even allude to his insanity. This scene in Macbeth is very important for it shows the character of Macbeth which confirms his tyranny and how he is not fit to be king. Finally this scene shows how Macbeth is the sickness for Scotland. This scene also shows the importance of Macbeth being overthrown by Malcolm so that the tyranny caused by Macbeth would end.

Dell Mission Statement Evaluation

Dell Mission Statement Evaluation Customers: (8/10)@ – Delivering the best customer experience in markets we serve. – Flexible customization capability Products Services: (7/10)@ -Highest quality -Best-in-class service and support Markets: (9/10)@ – Competitive pricing – Dell has acquired a large amount of the U. S market and it has now penetrated into the Asian markets leaving a competitive edge. – Products are now also sold in Wal-Mart, Staples, and other retail outlets. Growth: (8/10)@ * 2012 Total Revenue : USD$ 63. 7 billion Profitability: (9/10)@ – Financial stability – Dell reportedly earned $1 million per day in revenue from transmitting messages about sales and discounts to its Twitter followers. Employees: (9/10)@ – 103,300 employees – Individual and company accountability Public Image: (8/10)@ – Superior corporate citizenship – To build customer intimacy and loyalty, Dell leverages its customers' knowledge of their own unmet needs. Dell's brand image was and is shaped by customer feedback. Technology: (7/10)@ -Leading technology Dell strives to produce the most technologically advanced products to make life and work easier and more enjoyable. Philosophy: (9/10)@ * We started the company by building to the customer's order†¦ we didn't do it because we saw some massive paradigm in the future. Basically, we just didn't have any capital. – Sometimes you just have to belly up to the bar and take a chance. We made some mistakes, but we also had the strength to work our way out. – It's customers that made Dell great in the first place if we're smart enough and quick enough to listen to customer needs, we'll succeed.

Health and saftey in the work place Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Health and saftey in the work place - Essay Example In safety audit process, the management and all the employees of the company should be knowledgeable and follow the guidelines to avoid as well as handle the hazardous situations in an effective manner. In addition, the employees are needed to enhance their skills and quality to have a better understanding about the safety measures based on which operations can be performed in accordance with health and safety system (Cahill & Kane, 2010). Government introduced new laws related to safety measures and can charge penalties if the company does not maintain the safety rules. The company at first has to request permit from the government to start up the business to assure the government that they take the necessary safety requirement for the company and its employee. The company should plan for the emergency requirement to fight with hazardous situations. After analyzing the adverse situation, it should introduce some core safety measures with the help of a mechanism. The company should take the feedback to set the preventive measures and aware the employees about the adverse situations, so that they keep themselves alert in perilous situations for reducing panic amid employees in such situations. These all are the safety measures that the company can keep in check to avoid accidental incidents in the workplace (Bigelow & Robson, 2005). The common safety audit has to handle some general issues regarding the safety of a workplace such as safety measures from fire, electrical problems, construction safety, proper maintenance of standard rules and regulation, mechanical and physical safety of the company. The engineering company should follow the guidelines of H&S measures to manage the risks associate with the same. To mitigate the risk associated with H&S, the company set the risk management approach. Risk management system provides

"Sony Pictures hacked by Russian blackhats, it now emerges Article

"Sony Pictures hacked by Russian blackhats, it now emerges - Article Example Companies require highly sensitive detectors to spot the attackers who get through their private information. The period to begin is before the attack hits: Sony could have managed well its workers well (Qamar, np). Their systems ought to have been under scrutiny of any attacker to keep their data and other third party information private. The worst private invasion in the Sony hack did not occur on to the stars or the executives, but the blameless workers who were used to daily sending and receiving of the system in the company. Consequently, they had their individual love lives, conversations, medical conditions, movie productions, and financial reports on exposure. The media may not have revealed the information but their relatives and colleagues peeked at it. Several personal tragedies unfolded during that period, all being an illustration of the compromised security systems. Information vulnerability can occur to any organization. People should not either reveal their personal details such as intimate conversations on Facebook, text or email to the company. Furthermore, they should not unleash their financial statements to their retailers. It is crucial that every person should be aware of the various crimes that do exist in the internet, and hence respond appropriately to remain safe. Most significantly, the Sony case study was quite a learning experience to both organization and their

Electronic diplomacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Electronic diplomacy - Essay Example For them to be in touch with the world diplomats have utilized the use of facebook, YouTube, Twitter, and the social media network of the country. Using the social media network, the diplomats can easily address the audience with the specific massage they want to convey to them. This is to mean that the diplomats need not to travel up to be the audience are for him or her to deliver the massage hence reducing the mobility (Gaida Jeanette, 2013). The incising use of E-diplomacy has enabled the people in the places that cannot be reached to understand the stand of the government. For example if the country is being faced with drought or hunger in some region of the country. E-diplomacy can be utilized to inform the affected people on the government plan towards solving the drought or the hanger issue. The processing of visa documents have been simplified by e-diplomacy tools furthermore it has facilitated the direct with citizens who are at different countries (IRM’s Office of eDiplomacy, n.d). In case of the occurrence of any emergency, e-diplomacy has provided foreign citizens in a given country a chance to communicate with there respective consultants or state embassies. E-diplomacy discussion forum may provide an opportunity for diplomats to hold a free-wheeling debate and provide inputs that are valuable on the issues of foreign policy. The Smartphone apps enable the citizens to access information on passport norms and the initiatives of foreign policy. Secure visual platforms with safety features that are stringent have been availed to enable discussion confidentiality between specific diplomats. For example in the perspective of India, the ministry flagship publication that is printed in fourteen different languages and distributed among the Indian missions that is abroad currently have a version that is digital. Furthermore, the publication will be availed in a digital magazine store of a dedicated channel which will

Strategic analysis of a company and its competitive environment Essay - 4

Strategic analysis of a company and its competitive environment - Essay Example External Business Environment Analysis Macro Environment PESTLE analysis of UK can be used in order to understand the macro-environment of UK that is influencing the dimension of food retailing industry of UK. Political In recent years, UK government has decreased spending on retail industry in terms of cut in subsidy and putting addition fair price burden on food retailers. On the other hand, UK governments’ decision of reducing corporate tax to 22% has helped food and other retailers to save additional amount of money from operation (Verdict Research, 2013). Economic Consideration of research report of Nicholson (2011) and Verdict Research (2013) reveals the GDP growth of UK was less than 0.1% while unemployment rate was close to 8% in recent years and due to ongoing economic crisis, consumer spending on retail food items has also been decreased by close to 3%. From economic perspective, food retailers are facing inflationary pressure which is decreasing their scope to avoid rising price of food retail merchandises. Social According to Verdict Research (2013), UK customers are showing the demand for healthy and more nutritional food choices in recent years due to increased health awareness and change in life style. On the other hand, demand for online retailing has also been increased among youth and teenagers and working professionals. Therefore, food retail chains have the option to invest resources in developing online distribution channel in order to cater demand of young customer segments. Technology Nicholson (2011) reported that most of food retailers are banking on latest technologies such as RFID, electronic data exchange, ERP, Big Data analytics in order to not only speed up the value chain process but also understand customer purchasing behaviour. Environment UK government has already advised large scale retailers (including food, grocery, clothing etc) to reduce carbon emission by 20% in the value chain within 2015 and due to such regulator y pressure, food retailing companies are also adopting the concept of green supply chain model to reduce carbon emission in the value chain (Verdict Research, 2013). Legal In UK, European Union labour law are being followed food retailers in order to handle human resource and labour related issues while Food Safety Act, 1990 is being used in the country to ensure control of quality in offered food items (Food Law Practice Guidance, 2012). . Business Trend Consideration of the report of Nicholson (2011) reveals the fact that UK food and drink retailing segment has been under consistent pressure for last three years due to intertwined factors like the banking crisis which decreases access to funds for retailers, decrease in household food retail expenditure due to ongoing economic crisis, marginalization of consumer spending on food retail items, rise of unemployment rate in the country etc. Due to conjoint negative impact of the mentioned factors, growth of UK food retail segment has been slumped for last few years. Such downturn can be depicted in the following manner; Figure 1: UK Food Retailing Expenditure Growth Trend (Source: Verdict Research, 2013) It is evident from the above diagram that consumer spending on retail food items has been decreased or remained flat for last three years in UK. Verdict Research (2013) reported that volume growth for food & grocery retailing was only 0.1% in UK and

Reseach Designs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Reseach Designs - Essay Example are real life or assumed scenarios of any situation in which the readers are asked to access and understand the real problem in that situation and then to implement the best possible way to solve that problem. Case studies or case histories can be used to effectively study behavior of many individuals. Case histories are real life situations therefore; others can take the lead and try not to make the same mistakes again as the ones made in the case history. Another example would be that they can be used to evaluation of the people who have the similar kind of personalities like Type A, and Type B and Type C present will react in different situations. So companies and organizations can use these cases to understand how different kinds of people will react in similar situations. For example, if there is a case history present about how a type personality person will react when faced with failure, it can be used to estimate how others will the same personality traits will be reacting in similar situations. 2. Meta-analysis and traditional literature reviews are two different research techniques. Meta-analysis is used to analyze a wide variety of questions by amalgamating and summarizing and reviewing of a previous quantitative research. Certain parts of the research already done are entered into a database where it is analyzed to give another comprehensive view of the research. In the database, all the similar kind of information is gathered to give a common review that might be difficult to interpret meaningfully. Traditional literature review on the other hand, provides an overview of the research findings done by an individual. It is written by actually examining a body of published work and writing a critical ceremony of the body of the text. Literature reviews are usually used to put up different policies forward and indicate future research directions. One of the major advantages of traditional review is that if properly done by an expert, valuable unique

Human Resource Management and Building Employee Loyalty Case Study

Human Resource Management and Building Employee Loyalty - Case Study Example Human resource management of Xeleco is a matter of recognizing people as perhaps the most important asset of Xeleco and to manage these people the best way possible. Xeleco's competitiveness in its market refers to their capability to uphold and expand market share. Competitiveness is related to Xeleco's effectiveness, which is determined by how much Xeleco satisfies the requirements of its stakeholders. The significant stakeholders comprise stockholders, customers as well as employees. Therefore, retention of employees becomes an important factor of Xeleco competitiveness. Xeleco's core employees are those that are essential to the service(s) Xeleco provides. These employees work year round, typically full time, and drive the business. Retention of core employees is vital to the business. To retain employees it is no longer enough to be competitive concerning pay. Employees of today relate their jobs to their private lives far more than they did in the earlier days. In earlier days employees would go to work, do their job, get their pay, and go home to a life often totally separated from work. Today the types of work have changed, and people's conceptions of work have changed in a way that makes retention of employees something much more complex than adding more pay. A dangerous myth existing from earlier days is that people only work for money. And yes, people do work for money, but they work even more for meaning in their lives, for fun, for jobs that will contribute something to their lives, and their family's life. Pay cannot substitute for a working environment high on trust, fun, and meaningful work. Companies that pay no attention to this fact are fundamentally bribing their employees and will pay the cost in lack of loyalty as well as obligation, and difficulty in retaining important employees. Today, employee benefits are a major force in determining employee retention, or employee happiness. One could argue that content employees make content customers, and that content customers make content stockholders. In this view, employee benefits become crucial to Xeleco's success. Incorporating retention strategies into the HR and succession plan plays a major role in the changing and increasingly mobile workforce. This has been linked with the move towards the Protean career where a person's career is frequently changing. Hence organisations must be ready to adapt to this change by benefiting them with career development programs thereby enhancing reputation and achieving greater retention of valued employees. In order to retain employees the organization must When considering succession planning, employee development is an integral strategic process which enables knowledge, skills and behaviour to be acquired to meet job changes and client requirements in the future as opposed to training which is immediate current job

See assignment criteria Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

See assignment criteria - Essay Example 173). Because CP results from the damage in the brain, any injury to the brain during its development that happens before, during, immediately after or after a few years of childbirth potentially causes a child to have this condition. The insult to the brain maybe precipitated by anoxia or absence of oxygen, infections, brain malformations, head injuries, and genetic disorders (â€Å"Cerebral Palsy,† 2009, p. 212). These cases may consequence the affected child with mild, moderate or severe affectations. According to Professional Guide to Diseases, the condition appears to be more common in the male children than in females (2009, p. 173). Peacock (2000, p. 20) highlighted the three ways the children may be affected. They may (a) have weak muscles, (b) lack muscle tone in some muscles, or (c) have tightness in their muscles. Each one can exist without the other; in unfortunate cases, however, a child can have all. Other symptoms include inability to do various motor skills such as reaching, crawling, sitting, walking, writing and grasping things. Balance and gait, speech, and eating are also be affected. The child will also be easily fatigued. Due to the existence of these problems, a child faces more challenging issues as he or she grows. Without cerebral palsy, a person can effortlessly maintain an upright position against gravity with less level of tension demanded from the body and the muscle groups involved in such movement. People â€Å"can automatically adjust our position in a coordinated way to balance and move† (Hinchcliffe, 2003, p. 7). Moreover, the brain normally directs the whole body as to how and when it should move. Specific neural signals are sent to specific receptors which in turn enable the muscles to move as intended (Latash, 2008, p. 195). Since there is damage to the brain affecting this task in people with cerebral palsy, there is impairment in the normal function of muscle control and coordination.

Human resources - Expatriate Compensation Research Paper

Human resources - Expatriate Compensation - Research Paper Example This paper will seek to discuss about the different compensation options offered to expatriates as well as what they should expect in those compensation packages. Additionally, it will also include the hidden costs and other life costs that expatriates should consider as they could affect their compensation. Compensation options offered to expatriates Tax Many companies offer expatriates several compensation options. These compensation options can be in the form of taxes whereby a foreigner working in a particular country can be exempted from taxation. This means that, that employee has a compensation option, which is tax, and he or she can choose to be exempted with reference to this option (Froymovich, 2011). In this case, an employee becomes eligible for things like foreign tax exclusions. In addition, he or she can still eligible for extra compensation options that include credits and deductions that help protect the employee from double taxation particularly on the same amount o f income he or she generates after a given period. Therefore, it is advisable that if an employee is going to be paying for his or her local taxes, hiring a qualified and eligible international tax expert who can help understand the kind of exclusions and credits an employee can qualify for in that specific country (Aenlle, 1996). For instance, in some countries such as Belgium, temporary international workers have the eligibility to claim for deductions that locals cannot. In tax preparation, employees tend to include what they commonly refer to as the tax equalization contract in expat packages. In this kind of situation, a company pays for an employees’ international or foreign taxes while the employee essentially pays for taxes in his or her home country as if he is still living in that country (Froymovich, 2011). However, noting that there are number of pitfalls in this case is crucial. An employee can end up owing the company he works for if that company’s accoun tants calculate the employee’s tax burden and establish it exceeds the total amount of money the employee has in his accounts especially if the employee is an American (Kwoh, 2012). Moreover, despite the point that the company may promise to pay for an employee’s tax preparation so that the employee complies with the US regulations, it may fail to inform the employee of any other local charges that the employee is responsible for in due time making it hard for the employee to comply immediately. A clear outlook into this situation indicates that the article provides evidence that there are hidden charges that an employee may fail to be aware of resulting to ambiguities. In this case, the hidden charges are the local charges needed to take care of the required paperwork and in the US, it can cost up to $1000 or more (Aenlle, 1996). Apart from this case, there are others where an employee may be responsible for his or her local taxes without prior preparation knowledge o r assistance as per what date will the exemptions or deductions will be available. According to the senior portfolio manager, Maxim Global Wealth Advisors, Portland, Ore,

Political Influence Essay Example for Free

Political Influence Essay A person is fed information throughout their life from various outside influences; this is how one forms values, views and opinions. From this, one is able to shape their political views based on what they believe or have been taught to believe. There are many factors that come into play when these views are formed, such as historical events. Others while apparent have a latent effect, such as gender, race, socio-economic status etc. The way a person is brought up has a fairly large impact on political socialization. Children come to know their parents value systems and beliefs. The children are brought up around these beliefs and these beliefs are instilled upon them in both unconscious and conscious ways. This is the beginning. As a person is introduced to more situations and experiences their views are molded further but the foundations are always there. Most Americans do not look thorough the inner workings of our government and the general idea of politics. Instead they look at what politics has to offer for them. It is far easier to just look at politics based on your opinions rather than through the policies and procedures. With the innovations of modern technology and the mass media, people dont have to look that hard for issues surrounding politics. All they have to do is turn on their T. V. or read the news on their favorite search engine web site. I think that this has had a negative effect on peoples political views. Instead of reading articles and forming opinions on their own, they are shown the sensationalized view of politics and a fairly biased/limited perspective. My own political views were formed the same way everyone elses were. My parents taught me about the differences between democrats and republicans, what the president does and even about the legislative branch. These teachings were mainly based around their own views but always with quite a bit of objectivity. I grew up in a fairly free household; my parents encouraged individuality and self-reliance. This gave me the ability to learn and think about things on my own, being able figure out how I felt about them. Another interesting thing about my upbringing is that I grew up without a computer, so when I wanted to know what was going on I had to watch the news on T. V. The school that I went to was fairly progressive and the teacher that I had for Social Studies taught us a lot about both our local and federal governments, all of which have helped me from my political views. I am a very open-minded person and this carries over heavily into how I view politics. I tend to focus on the single issues at hand and not on which party is proposing them. I feel strongly on many issues, to include abortion, education, foreign/domestic policy, welfare and most recently civil unions; however I try to understand both sides; not to agree but to understand. I do feel that I could be far more educated in politics, but I believe I am off to a good start.

The Causes And Effects Of Child Abuse

The Causes And Effects Of Child Abuse In a civilized society one would expect the occurrence of child abuse to be nearly non-existent, however the statistics do not support this belief. This paper defined what child abuse is .It also revised the short term and long-term effects of this abuse and the resulting mental, physical and societal issues that arise from early abuse and continue on throughout their childhood. It will bring up the statistical information showing the continued abuse against a child. It is hoped that this research enlighten readers on pertinent facts and information on the causes and effects of this cruel act. The term child abuse covers a wide range of behavior, from actual physical assault to simple neglect of a childs basic needs. Child abuse is also sometimes called child maltreatment. Infants and preschool children are most likely to suffer deliberately inflicted fractures, burns, and bruises. This is known as the battered-child syndrome. Although the extent of child abuse is difficult to measure, it is recognized as a major social problem, especially in industrialized nations. It occurs in all income, racial, religious, and ethnic groups and in urban and rural communities. Studies have shown that most parents who abuse their children were once abused as a child (Funk Wagnalls, 2006). Eight percent of all children abused are emotionally maltreated. Sixteen percent are sexually abused. Twenty-seven percent are physically abused. Fifty-five percent of all children abused are neglected (Child Abuse, 1994).Any type of Child Abuse, carried out for a long period of time, may cause long-term mental damage. Although there are many formal and acceptable definitions of child abuse, the following is offered as a guide for information on child abuse and neglect. Child abuse is the act or series of acts that is described in commission or omission by a parent or other caregiver and results in harm, potential for harm, or threat of harm to child. Most child abuse happens in childs home, with a smaller amount occurring in the organizations, schools or communities they interact with. Abuse of a child is anything that causes inj ury or puts the child in danger of physical injury. Child abuse can be physical, sexual, or emotional. Neglect happens when a parent or responsible caretaker fails to provide adequate supervision, food, clothing, shelter or other basics for a child. Child abuse is any action or lack of which endangers or impairs a childs physical, mental or emotional health and development. As it will be shown in the following presentation .There are many causes of child abuse as well as effects. The most prominent one among the causes is mental illness, as well as psychological problems. The tendency is that people who are not in their right minds, could easily do harm to children, whether intentional or not. Effect of child abuse can be manifested in poor social skills, depression, difficulty in building up relationships in people, low self image, eating disorders, as well as physical disabilities. Child abuse could also lower the self worth of the child who experienced it. Regardless of the type of abuse, if not stopped and having the resultant social and psychological issues dealt with as quickly as possible may result in the vicious cycle of abuse where the abused goes out on their own and then becomes the abuser. Despite all good intentions this cycle of violence can and does occur because it is the only way that an untreated abused individual knows how to deal with stressors in a relationship. In 2007, the United States reported, among all 50 states, 753,357 cases of child mistreatment which is a ratio of 1 out of every 100 children have been reported as being abused in some fashion throughout the year. This abuse ranged from 59% being neglected, 11% being physically abused, and 7.5% sexually abused 4.2% having emotional abuse, and less than 1% being medically mistreated. Of these cases, the abuse was near evenly split between boys and girls, and 79% of the abuse occurred in those under the age of 11, with the most prominent being under the age of 4 (Child Maltreatment, 2007). Statistics are more readily reported within the United States than they are elsewhere throughout the world. However, available data from (World Health Organization [WHO], 2001) shows a global epidemic which is evidenced by: Almost 53,000 children died worldwide in 2002 as a result of homicide Up to 80 to 98% of children suffer physical punishment in their homes, with a third or more experiencing severe physical punishment resulting from the use of implements. 150 million girls and 73 million boys under 18 experienced forced sexual intercourse or other forms of sexual violence during 2002. Between 100 and 140 million girls and women in the world have undergone some form of female genital mutilation/cutting. In sub-Saharan Africa, Egypt and the Sudan, 3 million girls and women are subjected to genital mutilation/cutting every year. Worldwide, approximately 40 million children are subjected to child abuse each year UNICEF estimates that two million children died as a result of armed conflict during a recent 10-year period and that another six million were injured or disabled (Human Right Watch, 2001). Each year, approximately one million more children around the world are introduced into commercial sexual exploitation (Casa Alianza, 2001). Sexual abuse statistics vary between countries and reports, but are consistently alarming: One countrys research indicates that up to 36% of girls and 29% of boys have suffered child sexual abuse; another study reveals up to 46% of girls and 20% of boys have experienced sexual coercion (The 57th session of the UN Commission on Human Rights). We have explored the statistical occurrence of child abuse; next will be the causes that drive one to actually abuse a child. Though all of the causes of child abuse are not known, a significant amount of research points to several factors that put children at risk for abuse. There are many reasons why some people have difficulty meeting the demands of parenthood, including: Immaturity and unrealistic expectations Unmet emotional needs The stresses of child care Economic crisis Domestic violence Lack of parenting knowledge Difficulty in relationships Depression or other mental health problems Drug or alcohol problems Family history of abuse In most case that involve child abuse, the most common reoccurring factors are having a family history of abuse, mental health problems which inhibit proper abilities to cope with different situations and majority of the case involve some type of drug or alcohol use or abuse prior to the incident. In a more disturbing trend, that of child on child abuse, which is defined as a child at least 2 years of age older than the victim has been linked to after effects of a child being abused. This is to say that the abuser is abusing another child because that is what happened to them so they think it is okay or normal since they are mimicking the actions of their abusers. This last point shows why for the most part child abuse and other forms of violence is learned behavior. In new studies they are attempting to show the link in mental development being slowed in those that receive abuse at an early age, compared to those that did not receive abuse. one recent study on a group of monkeys showed that those babies that received mild abuse as an infant grew to later have deficiency of serotonin, the chemical known as the pleasure center of the brain, and as adults, those levels would rise to normal when they would abuse others. With these actions, being learned or brought about due to family, mental, emotional or addiction disorders the course of action is through prevention. The term prevention is typically used to represent activities that stop an action or behavior. It can also be used to represent activities that promote a positive action or behavior. Research has found that successful child abuse interventions must both reduce risk factors and promote protective factors to ensure the well-being of children and families. Protective factors are conditions in families and communities that, when present, increase the health and well-being of children and families. They are attributes that serve as buffers, helping parents who might otherwise be at risk of abusing their children to find resources, supports, or coping strategies that allow them to parent effectively, even under stress. The impact of child maltreatment can be profound. Research shows that child maltreatment is associated with adverse health a nd mental health outcomes in children and families, and those negative effects can last a lifetime. In addition to the impact on the child, child abuse and neglect affect various systems including physical and mental health, law enforcement, judicial and public social services, and nonprofit agencies as they respond to the incident and support the victims. One analysis of the immediate and long-term economic impact of child abuse and neglect suggests that child maltreatment costs the nation as much as $258 million each day, or approximately $94 billion each year (Child Welfare Information Gateway, n.d). Protective factors are conditions in families and communities that, when present, increase the health and well-being of children and families. These attributes serve as buffers, helping parents to find resources, supports, or coping strategies that allow them to parent effectively, even under stress. Research has shown that the following protective factors are linked to a lower incidence of child abuse and neglect. Nurturing and attachment A childs early experience of being nurtured and developing a bond with a caring adult affects all aspects of behavior and development. When parents and children have strong, warm feelings for one another, children develop trust that their parents will provide what they need to thrive, including love, acceptance, positive guidance, and protection. Research shows that babies who receive affection and nurturing from their parents have the best chance of healthy development. A childs relationship with a consistent, caring adult in the early years is associated later in life with better academic grades, healthier behaviors, more positive peer interactions, and an increased ability to cope with stress. Knowledge of parenting and of child and youth development There is extensive research linking healthy child development to effective parenting. Children thrive when parents provide not only affection, but also respectful communication and listening, consistent rules and expectations, and safe opportunities that promote independence. Successful parenting fosters psychological adjustment, helps children succeed in school, encourages curiosity about the world, and motivates children to achieve. Parental resilience Parents, who can cope with the stresses of everyday life, as well an occasional crisis, have resilience; they have the flexibility and inner strength necessary to bounce back when things are not going well. Multiple life stressors, such as a family history of abuse or neglect, health problems, marital conflict, or domestic or community violence-and financial stressors such as unemployment, poverty, and homelessness-may reduce a parents capacity to cope effectively with the typical day-to-day stresses of raising children. Social connections Parents with a social network of emotionally supportive friends, family, and neighbors often find that it is easier to care for their children and themselves. Most parents need people they can call on once in a while when they need a sympathetic listener, advice, or concrete support. Research has shown that parents, who are isolated, with few social connections, are at higher risk for child abuse and neglect. Concrete supports for parents Many factors affect a familys ability to care for their children. Families who can meet their own basic needs for food, clothing, housing, and transportation-and who know how to access essential services such as childcare, health care, and mental health services to address family-specific needs-are better able to ensure the safety and well-being of their children. Partnering with parents to identify and access resources in the community may help prevent the stress that sometimes precipitates child maltreatment. Providing concrete supports may also help prevent the unintended neglect that sometimes occurs when parents are unable to provide for their children. All of these factors along with many others can help decrease the occurrence of child abuse, but for any of it to work the cycle of violence must stop within the home before any child may have any hope for an abuse free society. Child abuse is a topic that has many aspects and issues to discus. There are many causes for this problem that lead to adverse effects on the child and community. Treating this phenomenon needs major governmental, financial, educational, health care givers and social support and awareness. Also strict roles and disciplinary actions should be applied through the governments in order to control this problem. In my point of view the earlier abused children get help, the greater chance they have to heal from their abuse and not perpetuate the cycle. The Causes and Effects of Child Abuse The Causes and Effects of Child Abuse Day by day the safety and well being of some children across the nation are threatened by child abuse and neglect. Child abuse is doing harm to child intentionaly or not provides the essential needs for the child. Abuse child can be in physical, emotional, sexual in form or neglect. Each form has its different characteristics. Causes of child abuse can be parents causes, ecological causes or child problems. Parents causes involves parent who have background of emotional deprivation, unaware of difference between discipline and abuse, and isolated from the community. Teenage or single parent also can harm their children because they lack experience in raising children. Ecological causes which are related the environment surround the child. For example, poverty, overcrowding, substance abuse, and problems in marriage. Child causes include child disability and requirement of special needs. Child abuse has great impact on childs life, damaging a childà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s s elf esteem, ability to have healthy relationships, and ability to function at home, at work and at school. The Causes and Effects of Child Abuse Child abuse is one of the major issues that bring the attention of entire nation. Several organizations formed because it is not just an individual or familial problem. It takes different forms, physical or psychological maltreatment of children. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) define child abuse as any act or series of acts of commission or omission by a parent or other caregiver that results in harm, potential for harm, or threat of harm to a child (http://www.cdc.gov/violanceprevention/pdf/CM-FactSheet-a.pdf) The Federal Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA) define child abuse and neglect as any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker who result in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse or exploitation (What is Child Abuse and Neglect, 2008, para.2). Every year millions of children suffer from different type of child abuse. Most child abuse results from attempt to punish or control the child. Parents try to punish their children when they are doing something wrong and to avoid spoiling the child, but these attempts will increase to produce physical harm to the child. Therefore we have to distinguish between physical discipline and physical abuse. The most common way to distinguish physical punishment from abuse is by the presence or absence of physical injury. It is important to recognize that most parents do not want to beat their children. Virtually all parents feel regret after such an incident and most believe physical punishment is not an effective route to increase compliance, learning or respect for the parent (Durrant, 1996, p.186). In 2001, an estimated 3 million children were reported to state Child Protective Service (CPS) agencies as suspected victim of abuse and neglect. One million children were confirmed victim of maltreatment (physical abuse, neglect, sexual abuse, medical neglect, psychological abuse, other abuses), with another 4 million involved in referrals to Child Protective Services (National Clearinghouse on Child Abuse and Neglect Information, 2003a;2003b). Three fourths of the perpetrators were caregivers, and an additional one tenth were relatives. However, only about one half of the child abuse and neglect report are investigated nationally, and on average only about one-third of the investigation find evidence of child abuse and neglect (Potts Mandleco, 2007, p 1208). Some people believe that the child abused by stringers only, but the truth that the child can be abused by parent, a friend of parent, neighbourhood, or even a family member. This essay paper on the causes and effects of child abuse will include types of child abuse and clinical manifestation can be seen in each type, causes and effects of child abuse. There are four forms of child abuse that is neglect, physical abuse, emotional abuse and sexual abuse. The most common form of child abuse is neglect. According to Longman dictionary neglect is pay insufficient attention to, or ignore . It means parents or caregivers fail to provide the important needs for their children. Neglecting the child can be noticed if the child lacks of hygiene, dresses clothes which is dirty, old, and inappropriate for age and weather, frequently absents from school, always sick and no medical assistance provided, malnourished and isolated from others. These signs of neglect are mostly observed by people who are always with close contact to child like the teacher, doctors, nurses and neighbours. They are frequently the ones who notice, suspect and report child neglect. Neglect has three forms which are physical neglect, emotional neglect and educational neglect. Physical neglect is the most abuse noticed among children. Physical neglect can be seen in many ways for example if the parent not provides supervision, repeat shuttling of child from one household to another for a day or week at a time, not providing adequate food for their children, clothes, house, not seeking medical care for a serious health problem or not giving the child his treatment. Emotional neglect includes inattention to childs need of affection and emotional support, expose child to extreme spousal abuse, permitting the child to use drugs and drink alcohol, refuse of medical assistance for child with psychological problems and applying high expectation that is inappropriate for childs age and level of development. Educational neglect can be if the parent refuses to enrol the child in school, failure to provide the essential learning needs and allow frequent absence from school. The second type of child abuse is physical abuse which is the most clear and has a huge physical effect on the child. Physical abuse should always be suspected when there is an injury that cannot be explained, or when the history provided is incongruous with the physical findings or the childs developmental level. Suspicion should also be aroused when the caregiver claims the injury was self-inflected, inflected by a sibling or when there is a delay in seeking medical services (Potts Mandleco,2007, p 1211). There are certain clinical manifestations can be observed in children who are abused physically which is unexplained bruises or welts that appear in various stages of healing often in clustered patterns that reflect the shapes of the articles used to inflict injury, unexplained burns especially on the soles, palms, back, or doughnut-shaped (on buttocks or genitals), unexplained fractures to the skull, nose, or facial structure; multiple or spiral fracture; or dislocations and num erous fracture in various stages of healing and bald patches on the scalp (Ashwill Droske, 1997, p 1287). A third type of child abuse is emotional abuse. Among all different child abuse, emotional abuse is the hardest type to identify. According to American Humane, Emotional abuse of a child is commonly defined as a pattern of behaviour by parents or caregivers that can seriously interfere with a childs cognitive, emotional, psychological, or social development (http://www.americanhumane.org/aboutus/newsroom/fact-sheets/emotional-abuse.html). Emotional abuse occur when parents ignoring and humiliating the child, isolating the child from the family, verbally assaulting the child, threatening the child, rejecting childs value and request, putting higher expectation on the child and exposing the child to family or community violence. The clinical manifestations which can be observed on a child who is emotionally abused are speech problems, lags in physical development, failure to thrive and hyperactive or disruptive behaviour. The last type of child abuse is sexual abuse which is the least frequently reported of child abuse. According to (Potts Mandleco,2007) Sexual abuse is defined as exploitive sexual act(s) imposed on a child who lacks the emotional, cognitive, or maturational development to deal with the actions (Giardino, Brown, Giardino, 2003). Sexual abuse can be in different ways which are pressuring the child to engage in sexual activities, exposing the child genitals, sexual contact with the child, incident exposure of genitals to a child, and physical contact to child genitals. Everybody believes that the girls are more often abused sexually, but the fact that both girls and boys are sexually abused. Studies have shown those sexual abuse victims are usually between 6 and 9 years of age. Ashwill made it clear that children will show some physical signs such as difficulty walking or sitting, torn, stained or bloody underclothing, pain, swelling or itching of genitals, pain on urination, bruises, bleeding or lacerations involving the external genitalia, vagina, or anal area and excessive masturbation (Ashwill Droske, 1997, p 1289). Understanding causes of child abuse is important to address the problem in order to prevent it. Specialists and experts who evaluated a bused childs environment and family background have come out with three causes for child abuse which are parental causes, ecological causes and child problems. Parental causes include parents who are very young and lack of experience of taking care for children are more likely to neglect childs need. For example; teenage parent or single parent never learned the skills necessary for good parenting. Although, parents who suffer many problems and they cannot control their anger which will inflict their children by abusing them physically. On the other hand, parents who were abused when they were children are more likely to abuse their own children too. It is like cycle of violence and abuse. Also, some parents raise their children same the way as they rose even if parents were abused. Some parents not differentiate discipline from abuse which lead to p hysically abuse their children in order to teach them the right things. Parents who physically abuse their spouses can also abuse their children. At same time, parents who suffer from mental disorder, anxiety or depression cannot take right decision for themselves, either for their children. Ecological causes involve abusing drug and alcohol by parents. Parents who are drunk they cannot think properly for the needs of their children. Also they are unrealistic in their behavior which can lead to abuse their children without even feeling that they are doing so. Some studies show that poverty play major role in abusing children. As the parents face financial difficulties, they cannot provide childs need. Also, those parents usually isolated and lack of social support. On the other hand, if couple have problem in their marriage that may inflict their children emotionally. Some parents are aware they are mistreating a child but are unable to stop. Other abusive parents literally hate children or are disgusted by them. The childs need, sloppiness, crying, or dirty diapers are unbearable to the parent. Abusive mothers tend to believe their children are intentionally annoying them. In many cases, troubled parents expect the child to love them and make them happy. When the child cannot meet such unrealistic demands, the parent react with lethal angry. Such parents are more likely to physically abuse their children (Coon, 2004, p 154). Child problems include handicapped children. Caring of child with special needs is difficult and need family and community support. Some parents ignore the needs for the child which lead to abusing childs rights. All types of child abuse regardless the causes; affect the child by some way. The effects of child abuse vary depending on the type of child abuse. Some of these effects are physical and other are emotional or psychological. Studies show that sexual and emotional abuse has the major impact on child. Effects can be classified to short term effects and long term effects. Short term effects can easily detect and the signs of abusing show in short period. For example; wound, burns or fracture that occur after physical abuse, which healed after seeking medical treatment. Child will show some sexual behaviors include sexual play with dolls. Child will be aggressive, fear of parents, fear to go home, and isolated from public. Child will fight to other student in class. Child may have difficulty in speech and cannot express feelings. Child who has been abused by his parent will not trust them to provide physical and emotional needs, which eventually lead to lack of trust to other people in the community. Long term effects are signs that difficult to detect at beginning of abusing incidents and will progress with the developmental process of the child which lead it to occur after long time. Almost it will occur in adult age if child did not seek medical assistance. For example; the adult will have difficulty to establish normal relationships with other. Adult survive from child abuse, can have unexplained signs of fear, anxiety and depression. Adult survivor of sexual abuse can abuse other children which is the cycle of abusing. Also the adult may suffer from sexual transmitted disease. The adult will have difficulty to express feeling, and may turn to substance abuse (alcohol or drugs). The adult may attempt to suicide. To sum up, child abuse is worldwide problem affecting children from birth to 18 years of age. There are different types for child abuse which is neglect, emotional abuse, physical abuse, and sexual abuse. There are three main causes for child abuse which is parent causes, ecological causes, and child problems. Based on causes many effects can be observed on the child which affect child emotionally, physically and social development. In my opinion detecting the early signs of abuse will end further harm to child, better chance for recovery, and appropriate treatment will be provided for the child. Since the family is the core of love and care for the child, it is important to bring their attention and highlight the causes and effects of child abuse, so they can play significant role in stopping the matter. Therefore, proper awareness of the community plays an important role in preventing this problem from going further.

Prescriptive Privileges for Clinical Psychologists

Prescriptive Privileges for Clinical Psychologists Erin E. Wood In the last thirty years, many parties within the American Psychological Association have made motions to promote the motion for clinical psychologists to have prescriptive privileges. With the motions made to promote prescriptive privileges, there have also been motions to counter the arguments made supporting prescription privileges. To research the claims made by both sides of the issue, the American Psychological Association has created a task force to assess the effects that prescriptive privileges will have on education as well as psychology as a whole. This paper will discuss the arguments revolving around professional integrity, financial implications, the amount of professionals interested in prescriptive privileges, safety, and educational consequences of prescription privileges as well as my own opinions as to whether I support or oppose the motion for clinical psychologists to obtain these privileges. Since the birth of psychology, American society has evolved to the point that individuals demand instant gratification. The desire for instant gratification has caused individuals â€Å"‘one-stop shop’ for mental health services† and medical professionals who can directly prescribe medications—causing physicians to become increasingly popular in comparison to psychologists (McGrath, 2010: Levine Schmelkin, 2006). By being able to prescribe medication while proving effective treatments to patients, prescriptive privileges will not only assist patients by cutting out the middle-man, it will also, according to Barnett and Neel (2000), â€Å"result in higher quality care.† Although physicians are currently able to provide medication, they are often uneducated on the effects drugs have on mental health (Barnett Neel, 2000). Psychologists in favor of prescriptive privileges argue that, through training and practice, they are more apt to deal with prescri bing medications and treatments that will treat mental health disorders than physicians who have very little training on mental health disorders (Barnett Neel, 2000). While some psychologists believe that prescription privileges is essential to keep psychotherapy from becoming superfluous in comparison to pharmacology and will assist in increasing the care for patients, others believe that these privileges will change the change the â€Å"professional identity† of those practicing psychology (Wiggins Wedding, 2004). Those who believe that psychologists should be allowed prescription privileges believe that not only will prescription privileges keep psychologists from becoming overshadowed by physicians, they also believe that clinical psychologists would be â€Å"in a unique position to assess and to monitor† when it comes to prescribing medication because, through doctoral training, they are more apt to study the effects of medications on patients (Barnett Neel, 2000). This would allow clinical psychologists to retain and extend their psychotherapeutic roots by giving them the opportunity to research the effect medications have on mental disorders while giving behavioral and cognitive therapies to patients. While psychologists in support of prescriptive privileges argue that prescriptive privileges will give way to many new opportunities in psychology, those in opposition to these privileges claim that the authority to prescribe medication will not create such a large window of opportun ity and will cause psychologists to fall prey to advertising from pharmaceutical companies. Many of the psychologists in opposition to prescriptive privileges believe that the addition of prescription privileges will change the direction of psychology towards an undesired direction—ultimately jeopardizing their professional integrity. They believe that, by placing more of an emphasis on medical treatments rather than behavioral treatments, â€Å"psychology as we know it will come to an end† because psychologists will be more interested in providing medications than therapy (Caccavale, 2002). Psychologists may not prescribe medications to patients based on their effectiveness, but more because will be encouraged by pharmaceutical companies. Currently, pharmaceutical companies create advertisements that strategically influence the opinions that physicians have on medications and bribe psychologists – through means of money and continuing education – to encourage them to prescribe these medications (Antonuccio, Danton McClanahan, 2003). Bribing and advertising does not only affect practicing physicians, according to Antonuccio, Danton and McClanhan (2003), pharmaceutical companies assert their influence as early as medical school—meeting with students to promote medication. This influence asserted by pharmaceutical companies over physicians and medical students can taint the objectivity of psychologists and, in extreme cases, place the patient in harms way. Although psychologists who are against prescriptive privileges believe that the integrity of the profession will be negatively impacted by the bribes and advertising of pharmaceutical companies, those who support prescriptive privileges believe th at these privileges will increase the financial status and interest in the profession. The pharmaceutical industry is one of the fastest growing industries in the United States being dubbed â€Å"the most profitable industry in the United States† (Antonuccio, Danton McClanahan, 2003). By being one of the most profitable industries in the nation, if psychologists were given the right to prescribe, it would not only give clinical psychologists an ‘edge’, it would also encourage individuals to join the profession. With prescriptive privileges, psychologists will also be able to partake in the benefits of pharmacology by receiving insurance reimbursements and increased status within health institutions (McGrath, 2010). McGrath (2010) claims that this increased status will not only benefit psychologists in private practice, hospitals, and other intuitions, it will also benefit the academic community by funding research projects. Although there are many financial benefits to both the counselling and academic communities of clinical psychology, there are also drawbacks that could potentially outweigh the benefits. First, while pharmaceutical companies have been known to provide bribes and false information to professionals with prescription privileges to increase drug sales, they have also been responsible for increasing levels of â€Å"commercialism and malpractice allegations† within health professions (Antonuccio, Danton McClanahan, 2003: Stuart Heiby, 2007, p. 6). Commercialization of medications has further tainted the objectivity of health professionals because, according to Stuart and Heiby (2007), although prescribers are able to deny medication to patients, they are more likely to give medications that have been â€Å"requested† by the client—even if they are ill-informed of the drug. Physicians may be becoming more willing to prescribe requested medications because the negative side effects of drugs have drastically decreased making it less of a risk for them to prescribe them (Levine Schmelkin, 2006). While medications have become safer to prescribe, when com plications arise, the professionals who prescribe the medications will be the ones at risk for malpractice lawsuits—not the pharmaceutical companies. In the article To Prescribe of Not to Prescribe: Eleven Exploratory Questions, Stuart and Heiby (2007) discuss the lack of support insurance companies have for professionals in malpractice lawsuits. Many insurance companies have created new policies when dealing with malpractice because â€Å"the rate and cost of settlements [that have] risen so sharply during the past decade† (Stuart Heiby, 2007, p. 22). Because of this, it can be very expensive for a psychologist to pay for the insurance to cover malpractice, or pay for the legal counsel because their insurance does not cover malpractice. According to Wiggins and Wedding (2004) only a small majority of psychiatric nurses – clinical psychologists who have gone through training to prescribe medication – have insurance policies that cover malpractice—even when it is in many ways cheaper than other forms of insurance (p.150). This could be because, although psychiatric nurses are able to prescribe medicatio ns, very few of them actually utilize prescription privileges (Wiggins Wedding 2004, p. 149). Due to the amount of psychiatric nurses who refrain from prescriptive privileges, before the APA -financial -military -RNP -coursework References Antonuccio, D. O., Danton, W., McClanahan, T. M. (2003). Psychology in the prescription era: Building a firewall between marketing and science.American Psychologist,58(12), 1028-1043. Barnett, J. E., Neel, M. L. (2000). Must all psychologists study psychopharmacology?Professional Psychology: Research and Practice,31(6), 619-627. Caccavale, J. (2002). Opposition to prescriptive authority: Is this a case of the tail wagging the dog.Journal of Clinical Psychology,58(6), 623-633. DeLeon, P. H., Dunivin, D. L., Newman, R. (2002). The tide rises.Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice,9(3), 249-255. Levine, E. S., Schmelkin, L. P. (2006). A move to prescribe: A change in paradigm.Professional Psychology: Research and Practice,37(2), 205-209. McGrath, R. (2010). Prescriptive authority for psychologists.Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, (6), 21-47. Retrieved from clinpsy.anualreviews.org Muse, M., Neel, R. E. (2010). Training comparison among three professions prescribing psychoactive medications: psychiatric nurse practitioners, physicians, and pharmacologically trained psychologists.Journal of Clinical Psychology, 66(1), 96-103. Robiner, W. N., Bearman, D. L., Bearman, M., Grove, W. M., Colon, E., Armstrong, J., Marack, S. (2002). Prescriptive authority for psychologists: A looming health hazard?Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice,9(3), 231-240. Stuart, R.B., Heiby E.E. (2007). To prescribe of not to prescribe: eleven exploratory questions. The Scientific Review of Mental Health Practices, 5(1),4-32. Wiggins, J. G., Wedding, D. (2004). Prescribing, professional identity, and costs.Professional Psychology: Research and Practice,35(2), 148-150. (McGrath, 2010) (Antonuccio, Danton McClanahan, 2003) (Wiggins Wedding 2004) (DeLeon, Dunivin Newman, 2002) (Caccavale, 2002) (Levine Schmelkin, 2006) (Robiner et al., 2002) (Muse Neel, 2010) (Stuart Heiby, 2007)

Rhetoric In The Media Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many times we hear things through media and don’t actually listen to what they may say. When people hear something through mass media, they don’t realize that there is a person’s point of view stated in the story. And many times what people don’t see is that there is no such thing as an objective point of view. This is called Rhetoric; when someone states their point of view using words that either sway an audiences opinions one way or another. Rhetoric can be found in many places such as a T.V add or a commercial, magazine articles and advertisements, the news, and even radio commercials.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Watching the regular news as I frequently do, I always hear the way a reporter speaks about a topic and immediately I know the view that that particular reporter takes. This happens in many instances, but one time in particular caught my attention. A reporter was doing a story on vandalism. Usually you hear about vandalism on abortion clinics and harassment of that sort, and usually the reporter uses the words â€Å"Anti-abortionists† to describe the people who commit these crimes. One the other hand this time was different. The reporter was doing a story on vandalism that happened on a church billboard, outside the church, and the billboard said something having to do with pro-life and the choice that they believed in. Later that night there was a huge black question mark that was spray painted on that saying. The reporter desc... Rhetoric In The Media Essay -- essays research papers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many times we hear things through media and don’t actually listen to what they may say. When people hear something through mass media, they don’t realize that there is a person’s point of view stated in the story. And many times what people don’t see is that there is no such thing as an objective point of view. This is called Rhetoric; when someone states their point of view using words that either sway an audiences opinions one way or another. Rhetoric can be found in many places such as a T.V add or a commercial, magazine articles and advertisements, the news, and even radio commercials.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Watching the regular news as I frequently do, I always hear the way a reporter speaks about a topic and immediately I know the view that that particular reporter takes. This happens in many instances, but one time in particular caught my attention. A reporter was doing a story on vandalism. Usually you hear about vandalism on abortion clinics and harassment of that sort, and usually the reporter uses the words â€Å"Anti-abortionists† to describe the people who commit these crimes. One the other hand this time was different. The reporter was doing a story on vandalism that happened on a church billboard, outside the church, and the billboard said something having to do with pro-life and the choice that they believed in. Later that night there was a huge black question mark that was spray painted on that saying. The reporter desc...

Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty Essay -- Anatomy, Coron

Introduction In 1977, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) was introduced to dilate narrow coronary arteries. Over the years, the development of the procedure knocked down major anatomical obstacles. Typically the procedure involves a small incision into the leg, a catheter is inserted through the groin vein and is then steered to the blocked coronary vessel via a guide wire. On the tip of the catheter is a deflated balloon. Once at the congested region of the artery the balloon is inflated, causing plaque to compress against the artery wall, dilating the artery and restoring blood to flow [1]. The initial success was demoted by the occurrence of elastic recoil. Nevertheless, scientist over came these drawbacks (well so they thought), by mounting a bare-metal stent (BMS) on the balloon of the catheter [2]. Jacques Puel and Ulrich Sigwart inserted the first stent into a human coronary artery in 1986. The inflation of the balloon caused the minute expandable metal to implant into t he vessel, causing the vessel to expand and remain expanded. The hindrance of elastic recoil was believed to be defeated, therefore in 1994 the U.S Food and Drug Administration approved the use of the first Palmaz-Schatz stent [3]. The insertion of BMS did initially improve results, mainly by reducing the risk of abrupt closure and improving long-term results. However, a new barrier was exposed in the form of In-Stent Restenosis (ISR). The new problem included negative remodelling and neointimal formation. One way to combat ISR was the concept of â€Å"coating† the metallic stent with an anti-proliferative pharmacological agent. The drug coated stents, referred to as drug eluting stents (DES), delivered the drug locally from the surface of the... ...st generation SES. The second generation EES showed superior clinical and safety over PES in the SPIRT trails. Highly significant data in TLF, MACE, stent thrombosis and target lesion revascularization was demonstrated in favour of EES. However, second generation DES may not be the â€Å"be all† of what they are made out to be. A number of clinical trail’s report negative information for ZES. ENDEAVOR I and III trails and Kandazri et al. observed significantly higher rates of in-stent late lumen loss ZES verses SES. Furthermore, SORT-OUT III trails also observed negative results for ZES, reporting considerable increases in stent thrombosis, myocardial infarction and target lesion revascularisation. On comparing both of the second generation DES together, mixed results were obtained. ESTROFA-2 reported low rates of thrombosis in both ZES and ESS. Explain difference....

Personal Statement for School of Allied Medical Professions

For as long as I can remember, I have been interested in working as a healthcare professional.   Like most children, I was at first interested in the glamour of being a doctor, maybe a surgeon, and saving a person’s life each and every time I worked–just like every doctor on every television program for the last two generations, I would be both loved and respected by the people I treated.Over time, of course, a more realistic perspective came into being.   I learned that there were choices other than being the beloved and good-natured general practitioner and the witty and fascinating surgeon.This awareness has sharpened my interest in being a member of the healthcare profession, however, now that I am aware of just how many people contribute in so many different capacities.   Having learned more about the field of respiratory therapy, I am convinced that it is an area in which I can truly make a difference.Unlike many other areas in the healthcare professions, an individual with a baccalaureate degree in respiratory therapy can actually help people change their lives.At that level of study, a person can work either in clinical or non-clinical fields, opening a wide realm of possibilities for future careers from patient care to research to education.   Respiratory therapy requires its practitioners to be both skilled and educated, not only in the very basics of anatomy and physiology, but also in the use of a variety of physical skills and the knowledge to use wide range of sometimes complex equipment.I foresee this degree as one that will launch me on a long-term career in which being a therapist is only the beginning.   I know that I will be able to not only enjoy my work in this field; however, I also know that it will give me the opportunity to build on what I have learned and broaden the reach that I have to be of use to those in need.With a degree from OSU and the entry level licensure that such a degree will allow me to obtain, I know that I would possess the tools that would enable me to be in charge of my own professional destiny.This ability to grow and either diversify or specialize is of great importance to me.   I know that, as a student, it is impossible for me to learn all that I either need to or wish to learn at this level of education.   I have a curious nature and a drive to succeed, both of which should be of benefit in pursuing this lifelong dream of working in healthcare.I also feel that my desire to continue my studies in the future can only help me succeed in a rapidly progressing and changing field.   Continuing education units are not only required by many places of employment to maintain an individual’s position; in my opinion they are also a necessity to keep up with the improvements in techniques and technology if one is truly interested in continuing to serve one’s patients in the best manner possible.I believe that the program at Ohio State University will give me the background that I require to make an excellent start in my field of choice.   I feel that its limited intake of students would enable me to get the guidance that I would need to excel in the field of my choice when I enter the workforce.I also feel that I can benefit greatly from the wide variety of clinical experiences offered at OSU as I explore what area of respiratory therapy in which I can best offer my skills and knowledge.   Finally, I am excited by the opportunities for research and the possibility to sit for an entry-level licensure exam in my senior year.I realize that both of these opportunities will help me hit the ground running after graduation and help propel me forward as I pursue my future in respiratory therapy.At this point in my educational career, I have taken all of my general education requirements, including courses in biology, chemistry, calculus, physics, medical terminology, and others.   In this upcoming term I will be taking anatomy and physiol ogy.   I feel that my record as a student speaks for itself.From this point forward I realize that I must put all of my efforts into my education.   Studies in my major concentration will allow for few mistakes if I am to succeed in the future and will offer even fewer chances to correct mistakes if they are made.   With so few opportunities to enter the program I know it falls upon me not to waste the chance to finish this degree, if I am permitted the chance to begin.   I am sure that I have the drive to achieve the goals that I have set for myself, as long as I am given the guidance and the knowledge that I need to further myself in my studies.   I am confident that the program at OSU will help me further myself as a student and as a professional in the years to come and would value the chance to learn from such a skilled professional team.Previous to this term, I have taken the opportunity to volunteer at the Grant Medical Center, where I worked in the radiation oncolo gy department.   Although it was not a volunteer opportunity in respiratory therapy, the 50 hours of clinical observation that I did in that area allowed me to see the treatments for bladder cancer, uterine cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, and brain tumors.The experience both intrigued me and reinforced in me the desire to enter the healthcare field.   The patients’ will to survive and to thrive was astounding; the dedication that the people at Grant have to help them to survive and to thrive was inspiring.To be honest, such dedication was also a bit frightening, as it occurred to me that there was a great deal of work and personal investment that accompanied it.   While daunting, I know that I am equal to the task ahead, both as a student and as a future professional.I am confident that I have a lot to offer the healthcare profession and even more to offer the field of respiratory therapy.   I know that with my drive and my dedication to my studies that I can achi eve my dreams of working in the healthcare field and can also be an asset to the class with which I study.   I look forward to studying with your fine program in the future.

Deception Point Page 30

The chair shook his head. Im triskaidekaphobic I didnt make myself clear. Youll be doing the brief from where you are via video conference.Oh. Rachel he mock upated. What time did you create in mind?Actually, Herney said, grinning. How round skillful instanter? every(prenominal) unity is already assembled, and theyre staring at a big dumbbell television receiver set. Theyre waiting for you.Rachels body tensed. Sir, Im totally unprepared. I cant possibly-Just declare them the truth. How hard is that?But-Rachel, the professorship said, leaning toward the silver screen. Remember, you compile and relay entropy for a living. Its what you do. Just talk more or less whats going on up there. He reached up to flick a thumb on his video transmission gear, precisely paused. And I think youll be blithesome to find Ive set you up in a position of power.Rachel didnt understand what he meant, wide-cutly it was too late to ask. The President threw the switch.The screen in face of Rachel went blank for a moment. When it refreshed, Rachel was staring at atomic number 53 of the virtually unnerving images she had ever retardn. at present in front of her was the black-and-blue shack ellipse Office. It was packed. Standing room only. The perfect White House staff appeared to be there. And every one of them was staring at her. Rachel now realized her view was from atop the Presidents desk.Speaking from a position of power. Rachel was hidrosis already.From the looks on the faces of the White House staffers, they were as surprised to match Rachel as she was to see them.Ms. sacristan? a raspy vocalise called out.Rachel searched the sea of faces and implant who had spoken. It was a lanky woman retributory now fetching a seat in the front row. Marjorie tench. The womans distinctive appearance was unmistakable, even in a crowd.Thank you for joining us, Ms. Sexton, Marjorie Tench said, sounding smug. The President tells us you throw some news?33Enjoying th e darkness, paleontologist Wailee Ming sat alone in low-keyed reflectance at his private invent area. His senses were alive with anticipation for tonights event. Soon I will be the most celebrated paleontologist in the world. He hoped Michael Tolland had been bountiful and featured Mings comments in the documentary.As Ming savored his impend fame, a faint shaking shuddered by means of the ice to a lower place his feet, causing him to recoil up. His earthquake instinct from living in Los Angeles made him hypersensitive to even the faintest palpitations of the ground. At the moment, though, Ming entangle foolish to realize the vibration was perfectly normal. Its just ice calving, he reminded himself, exhaling. He still hadnt gotten used to it. Every few hours, a distant burst rumbled through the night as somewhere along the glacial frontier a huge block of ice change off and fell into the sea. Norah Mangor had a prudish bearing of putting it. New icebergs macrocosm bo rnOn his feet now, Ming stretched his arms. He looked crossways the habisphere, and off in the distance beneath the blaze of television spotlights, he could see a celebration was exciteting underway. Ming was non much for parties and headed in the opposite focalization crossways the habisphere.The labyrinth of deserted last areas now felt like a ghost town, the entire dome winning on an almost sepulchral feel. A chill seemed to have settled inside, and Ming tied up his long, camel-hair coat.Up ahead he saw the extraction shaft-the point from which the most magnificent fossils in all of merciful history had been taken. The giant metal tripod had now been stowed and the kitty sat alone, surrounded by pylons like some kind of shunned chuckhole on a vast lay lot of ice. Ming wandered over to the pit, standing a safe distance sand, peering into the two-hundred-foot- kabbalistic pool of rimed water. Soon it would refreeze, erasing all traces that anyone had ever been here.The pool of water was a beautiful sight, Ming thought. sluice in the dark.Especially in the dark.Ming hesitated at the thought. Then it registered.Theres something wrong.As Ming focused more than closely on the water, he felt his previous contentedness give way to a sudden whirlwind of confusion. He blinked his eyes, stared again, and consequently quickly turned his gaze across the dome fifty yards away toward the lot of people celebrating in the press area. He knew they could not see him way over here in the dark.I should tell someone most this, shouldnt I?Ming looked again at the water, wondering what he would tell them. Was he seeing an optical deceit? rough kind of strange reflection?Uncertain, Ming stepped beyond the pylons and squatted down at the abut of the pit. The water level was four feet on a lower floor the ice level, and he leaned down to get a better look. Yes, something was definitely strange. It was unrealizable to miss, and tho it had not become discernibl e until the lights in the dome had gone out.Ming stood up. psyche definitely need to hear about this. He started off at a hurried pace toward the press area. complemental only a few steps, Ming slammed on the brakes. Good God He spun back toward the hole, his eyes going wide with realization. It had just dawned on him.Impossible he blurted aloud.And yet Ming knew that was the only explanation. Think, carefully, he cautioned. There must(prenominal) be a more tenable rationale. But the harder Ming thought, the more convinced he was of what he was seeing. There is no other explanation He could not conceptualise that NASA and Corky Marlinson had somehow missed something this incredible, but Ming wasnt complaining.This is Wailee Mings discovery nowTrembling with excitement, Ming ran to a nearby work area and found a beaker. All he needed was a little water sample. nil was going to believe this34As intelligence liaison to the White House, Rachel Sexton was saying, trying to keep h er voice from shaking as she addressed the crowd on the screen to begin with her, my duties include locomotion to political hot spots approximately the globe, analyzing volatile situations, and reporting to the President and White House staff.A bead of excrete formed just below her hairline and Rachel dabbed it away, wordlessly cursing the President for dropping this brief into her lap with zero warning.Never beforehand have my travels taken me to quite this foreign a spot. Rachel motioned stiffly to the cramped jab around her. Believe it or not, I am addressing you right now from in a higher place the caoutchouc Circle on a sheet of ice that is over terce hundred feet thick.Rachel sensed a get anticipation in the faces on the screen before her. They obviously knew they had been packed into the Oval Office for a reason, but sure as shooting none of them imagined it would have anything to do with a development supra the Arctic Circle.The endeavour was beading again. Get i t together, Rachel. This is what you do. I sit before you tonight with great honor, pride, and above all, excitement.Blank looks.Screw it, she thought, angrily wiping the childbed away. I didnt sign up for this. Rachel knew what her pay off would say if she were here now When in doubt, just spit it out The doddery Yankee proverb embodied one of her moms basic beliefs-that all challenges can be overcome by speaking the truth, no matter how it comes out.Taking a deep breath, Rachel sat up tall and looked cracking into the camera. Sorry, folks, if youre wondering how I could be hidrosis my butt off above the Arctic Circle Im a little nervous.The faces before her seemed to jolt back a moment. Some uneasy laughter.In addition, Rachel said, your boss gave me about ten seconds warning before recounting me I would be facing his entire staff. This baptism by fire is not barely what I had in mind for my counterbalance visit to the Oval Office.

First Impression of Iago Essay

My first impression of Iago is that hes a earthipulative and insincere man who tries to make up for the lack of success and gaiety in his bread and butter by destructing that of others. In Iagos first appearance in the play, hes seen manipulating the wealthy but unreasonable Roderigo into giving him m whiz(a)y. He claims to be taking this money to buy high-spirited gifts to woo Desdemona on Roderigos behalf, but he keeps the money for himself.Iago, who hast had Roderigos purse/ As if the strings were his is distinctly taking advantage of the jealous suitor of Desdemona (I. i. -3). As Roderigo is threatening to drown himself, Iago says to him, If the/ balance of our lives had not one scale of reason to poise/ another of sensuality, the inception and baseness of our/ natures would conduct us to most prepostrous/ conclusions (I. iii. 325-329). This is insincere of Iago because he is scolding Roderigo for letting emotions and desires take over his life, but Iago lets rage, j ealous, and his thirst for revenge take over his life. As a result of the lack of joy and success in his own life, Iago feels the need to destroy that of others.When Cassio is promoted to lieutenant, Iago conspires to have him fired by suggesting that hes having an affair with Desdemona. When Othello marries Desdemona, Iago tries to turn Brabantio against his new son-in-law. Iago is unhappy with his life he doesnt have the job he wants, and his marriage isnt a happy one so he tries to compensate by devising the lives of others miserable as well. Iago appears to be a ordinary villain whose plots are made in an examine to get revenge on the protagonists. His manipulative and hypocritical ways help conceal his wicked thoughts from the foolish Roderigo and over-trusting Othello.

Discuss the powers and constraints on the power of the Prime Minister

The British prep atomic heel 18 externalize (PM) is carrier of majuscule super force emerge(s). The PM is the or so regnant direct, indeed the close tendinous figure in the British administration of politics1. He or She leads a sift come forward of political figures tumesce-nigh of whom nominate a political troupe or screennal deadlock up in their pay back got right. At the initiation of the twentieth coke the PM was describe as primus suppress p ars- start-off among equals. The PM has whoremaster put to obligate believe big businessmans which ar denied to new(prenominal)wise members of the storage locker for frame change state the prop unmatchablent of patronage.He/she has nominal powers inherit by the cr witnessed head preciselyterfly much(prenominal) as the skill to go to struggle and to a corkinger end free-and-easy powers much(prenominal) as the media. The PM besides has total powers for showcase existence competent to steady deplete the pick consider. This quiz shall insinuate or so of the powers at the brass partitioning of the PM as well as round of the unobtrusivenesss that whoremonger situate the premenstrual syndrome granting immunity of military action. Firstly, The salad days sees image is queerly British in ii focusings. The world-class is that as the offer of G everyplacenment, he moldiness correspond the abode of parkland to hold on in responsibility2.The concomitant that the PM is bespeak of political sexual relation gives him/her coarse power. The PM owes his or her present to the comp both and must non barricade much(prenominal) a corporation. He or she allow consumption the powers of draws to play a vast the society united, operative out agree solutions as indispens able-bodied. As attraction of the mass fellowship the PM retains control of the parliament. As farsighted as the mass is a possible matchless, the PM and his or h er storage locker colleagues atomic list 18 in a speckle to channel the nursing home to acquire company policies.In this esthesis a easily race surrounded by the Pm and his or her ships company is pivotal in allowing the exemption of pick for the PM. Secondly, the PM solves power chthonic the august stag perk, powers which evict be apply and are traditionally powers of the pinch. Powers relating to the legislature-e. g. the summoning, proroguing and waste of parliament the granting of royal accord to bills law qualification by raise in Council (e. g. in relation to civilised service) or by letter perceptible creating schemes for conferring benefits upon citizens where fantan appropriates the necessary pay3.Powers regarding the gird forces Powers relating to the arm forces e. g. the s all overeign is commander in meaning(a) of the fortify forces of the jacket crown and the control, organisation and angle of dip of the arm forces are at heart the immunity4. Further to a greater extent(prenominal) than, the power of trying on and dismissal, nookie be, and is, employ by the bang see to provoke out the everyday and specific burster of insurance, as Margaret Thatcher present in family line 1981 when she streng then(prenominal) her Governments allegiance to its economical policy by dismissing several(prenominal) so called wets5.Thirdly, the PM determines the date of the side by side(p) usual choice. The PM alone decides when to contend the monarch when to disband parliament and accordingly the sequence of the polling day. comm whole this leave be by and by quaternion old age in office. The PM provide need a time when mastery looks approximately likely6, his or her extract whitethorn be yieldd by troupe transaction in the survey, assent polls and in addition by- options, in that respect are a number of heterogeneous forms that jut out the deciding actor into when election solar day is.On the other hand, a unobtrusiveness on the powers of the PM could be his/her storage locker colleagues. It clearly limits the immunity of action for any PM. No PM tin depart long without the erect of his or her footlocker colleagues. The total of Margaret Thatcher in 1990 is practically utter to be generally the work of her console table, the gateway of the community of interests spate for local anaesthetic politics sounded the cobblers last surround for Thatcherism7 And her presidential bolt of leaders were making her un prevalent. In 1990 in that respect was a repugn to her leadership.Michael Heseltine stood against thatcher in a quarrel to her leadership just disrespect beness lonesome(prenominal) tetrad takes terse of unqualified victory, she stepped down subsequently advice from her storage locker8. fewer votes than she did but nice to ill- recitation her authorisation to much(prenominal) an extent that in a duration of side to establ ishment interviews her console colleagues convinced her not to stand in the assist round, thus divergence the way grant for substructure buoy major to be elected. Thatcher was in that respectof take from office generally repayable to the work of her console colleagues. lavatory major(ip) as well had both(prenominal) difficulties in his help ministry with several(prenominal) of his console peculiarly posterior sequoia and Michael Portillo, beca practise of their underarm antagonist to his policy. cook enjoyed the proceeds of being able to reshuffle his cabinet well when he took over as PM, consequently ensuring the elision of his enemies and rivals. He make undisputable to let in rough of his cozy wad including Ed Balls close to measure named Mr dark-browns vocalism on land 9 A entropy restraint on the powers of the PM is the bridge over of the media or want of it.If a PM is to be customary and therefrom successful, he or she of necessity th e hold back of a deep section of the media this commonly itself potbelly be unfree on the popularity of the PM. The Murdoch insisting is ofttimes credited, especially by the newspapers themselves as having more influence than they in reality use up, a guardian oblige affirms Rupert Murdochs crack is broken. plainly not his lowering influence10. and when they transferred their provide from major to Blair in the mid-1990s/ it was sure as shooting injurious to studys electoral success.However, if study had allay been popular in the country, it is flimsy that the temperateness and the times would hurl switches sides as they did. cook ab initio enjoyed a palmy press, more often than not imputable to the gewgaw component. By the quick and uphold use of propaganda, one send away make a sight see blush promised land as netherworld or an extremely sickening bearing as heaven Adolf Hitlers remarks around the media make the word picture that the coif use of it move prove a flop thing. plainly by phone line we set out seen that when the media turns against the PM it shtup be a constraint on the power of the PM.Finally, the size of it of the absolute mass in the viridity spate dedicate a satisfying proceeding on the premenstrual syndrome dexterity to vitality things through. Tony Blair enters belt down pathway on a rock of grace after a landslide election victory, his car park bulk of 179 last 18 historic full point of worldly-minded rule11. Tony Blair was favored surrounded by 1997 and 2005 with devil larger-than-life majorities. This was an important factor in his success, and his qualification and his governances capacity to lay down programs passed in parliament.However, it is plausible that be agent his bulk was so huge, some dissidents on the backbench were more uncoerced to cause upset than they otherwise would have been. In 2993-5, there were a number of elbow grease backbench revolts which greatly trim back the giving medications metaphysical legal age in the commons. So perhaps it is infract to have a large, kind of than rattling(a) mass. save organizations with half-size majorities such as Wilson and Callaghan in the period 1974-0 and then rear major in 1992-7 arouse keep going considerably in the typesetters case of a backbench revolt. all over Europe, major(ip) had great problems in spite of appearance his own party and only managed to formalize the Maastricht treaty with a majority of one vote because of a backbench revolt. This sort of problem undermines the premenstrual syndrome post more generally, in the media and among the voters as a whole. Blair ground this out for himself in his triad term, with a reduced majority, and his offshoot cudgel in 2005 on the act of terrorism bill. Brown of tend familial this slimmer majority from Blair and in surround 2008 he approach back-bench rebellions over his payoff terrorism bill.In conclusion, it has been argued that the PM has acted beyond the essential role which is primus inter pares (first among equals). The PM can exercise powers held by the crown or prerogative powers for sample the efficacy to go to war. too the PM decides the election date. further around importantly, he or she is leader of government and by interpretation the around flop political leader in the country. However, should the PM give the connection open up among the press, the raft and his or her party the PM leave behind dress it delicate to win as Margaret thatchers crepuscule highlighted.